Observations by luca

Spores smooth, limoniform, thick-walled, both transparent and brown reddish in alkali.

Germ pore oblique in side view.

Measures for 30 spores broad view:

(9) 9.8 – 11.7 (12.3) × (6.8) 7.5 – 8.8 (9.5) µm

Pleurocystidia (sulphidia) present, cheliocystidia abundant and lamellae edge sterile, pileocystidia langeniform simetimes capitate, caulocystidia langeniform basidia 4 and 2 spored.

To my knowledge, given the latitude, only Panaeolus fimicola and Panaeolus ater are close to this description, I tend to name these mushrooms as Panaeolus ater, because spore size, presence of pleurocystidia.

- Panaeolus ater and Panaeolus fimicola are both condisered two distinct valid taxa both having pleurocystidia (facial cystidia sensu Ola’h) by Ola’h (Ola’h 1969), also Ola’h found in his experiments that Panaeolus ater is strong plsilocybin bearing mushroom, while Panaeolus fimicola is a latent psylocybin producer.

- In 1996 revision by Gerhardt Panaeolus ater is considered synonym of Panaeolus fimicola (Gerhardt 1996)

- Panaeolus fimicola is considered to not having pleurocystidia by Roy Watling (Watling & Gregory 1987)

- Francesco Doveri (Doveri 2004) considers Panaeolus fimicola and Panaeolus ater two distinct species with Panaeolus fimicola never having oblique germ pore and pleurocystidia (sulphidia), Panaeolus ater has both oblique germ pore.

NOTE on sulphidia: Despite the comodity of having at hand the coloring agent in the name, which is sulpho-vanillin, I like to call them pleurocystidia, I also call chrysocistidia pleurocystidia as well, because I think that any sterile appendicule growing on the gill side is sane to be called pleurocystidia, so that is why I consider “sulphidia” as subgenus Anellaria is today condisered in genus Panaeolus.

Found on a small artificial lawn in front of Firenze central station.

Image 522530 is mixed collection of Panaeolus olivaceus (one specimen on the left) and Panaeolus foenisecii (two specimen on the right).

http://mushroomobserver.org/local_images/320/522530.jpg

Spore print is jet black, spores measures:

(11.2) 11.9 – 12.9 (13) x (6.8) 7.1 – 8.1 (8.4) µm

Q = (1.4) 1.5 – 1.7 (1.8) ; N = 31

Me = 12.4 × 7.6 µm ; Qe = 1.6

12.27 7.31

12.14 7.51

12.34 7.66

13.01 8.06

11.91 7.48

11.87 8.37

12.56 8.15

12.45 7.60

13.02 8.10

12.88 7.68

12.76 7.81

11.90 7.43

12.71 8.08

12.65 8.23

12.31 7.02

11.20 6.92

12.27 7.41

12.12 7.79

11.53 7.46

12.39 7.60

12.60 7.70

12.22 7.78

12.39 7.13

12.92 7.56

12.73 7.71

12.75 7.52

11.99 7.59

12.14 6.81

12.76 7.77

12.56 7.49

12.26 7.79

I think this collection is interesting because I gathered 3 sporocarps of the same Vaginatae species growing in a usual circle which are very different in sizes. It is also to be noted that these specimen are not growing in plain but that part of the garden is inclined and because of this the soil where bigger specimens grow it is more moist.

3 specimens of different sizes were collected and put to be dried.

Here it is the information collected doing some measurements (specimens are called A,B,C from bigger to smaller):

Specimen A.

Pileus: Umbonate, 8 cm width, striations at the margin were 1 mm circa, color graysh-white getting brownish-gray in the umbo, lamellae free from stem

Stipe : 17 cm long, smooth, fraying because dehydration.

Volva : 4 cm length on the stipe, adherent at the base then free from the second half, with a few rusty brown spots on the outside.

Specimen B.

Pileus: Umbonate, 6,5 cm, striations at the margin were 0,4 mm circa, color graysh-white getting brownish-gray in the umbo, lamellae free from stem

Stipe : 10,6 cm long, smooth, fraying because dehydration.

Volva : 4 cm length on the stipe, adherent at the base then free from the second half, with a few rusty brown spots on the outside.

Specimen C.

Pileus: Campanulate with marked umbo 2,1 cm, striations at the margin were unable to determine with my own tools at the moment, color pale gray with the exception of a much pale but darker in the umbo, lamellae free from stem

Stipe: 6,5 cm long, smooth, not fraying because occurring deeper, being younger and hydrated.

Volva : 2,3 cm length on the stipe, adherent at the base then free from the second half, with a few rusty brown spots on the outside.

Notes : Usually if I pick one specimen without caring of the volva basement and such things remains in the ground it will stay fresh and healthy and look as I just picked something from there for days (5 working days were the observing timeframe).

Amanita in section Vaginatae.

I have 1 dried specimen but unfortunately I made very awful photographs for this collection.

This collection bears macroscopic characteristics similar to observations: 172163, 171619, 171624.

Such three observations below come from the same patches.

While this observaion was growing in the middle of a wood of young Quercus cerri/Quercus ilex 410,62 m distant from the other three said observations.

It is smaller but mature than other collected specimens.

Pileus siglthly umbonate even the photographs may not show it

I found this 3 specimen growing evidently (no other possible tree species around) in association with Castanea sativa (spanish chestnut) along a path in the middle of C. sativa wood at given GPS coordinates.

All the three specimen are being dried and saved.

Solitary or in clusters in the grass, only found in an area as small as 40 m x 10 m around given latitude, not present anywhere else in the same period of finding in any similar locations of such river with similar grass beds.

Spore measures 40x:

5.1 [5.7 ; 5.9] 6.5 × 4.5 [5.2 ; 5.5] 6.1 µm

Q = 1 [1.1] 1.2 ; N = 37 ; C = 95%

Me = 5.8 × 5.3 µm ; Qe = 1.1

More reliable spore measures 100x + oil immersion:

4.6 [5.1 ; 5.4] 6 × 4.1 [4.7 ; 5] 5.6 µm

Q = 0.9 [1.1] 1.2 ; N = 22 ; C = 95%

Me = 5.3 × 4.8 µm ; Qe = 1.1

5.59 5.32

4.86 4.54

5.99 5.25

5.29 4.94

5.22 4.80

5.73 5.01

5.43 4.25

4.74 4.71

5.34 4.28

5.71 5.31

5.69 5.67

5.04 4.39

5.31 4.93

5.33 4.84

5.41 5.37

4.82 4.57

5.25 4.76

4.84 4.66

5.53 4.68

4.98 4.84

4.98 4.98

4.88 4.52