Taxonomy

Animalia Chordata Vertebrata Amphibia Anura Bufonidae Incilius Incilius cristatus

Taxonomic notes: Section empty

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Geographic Range

This species is found in the central Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico, in the states of Puebla and Veracruz, between 1300 - 2000m asl.

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Population

This species was believed to be extinct, but recently it has been rediscovered in several localities in Puebla and Veracruz (Pineda and Halffter 2004; Vázquez-Corzas 2012; Meza-Parral and Pineda 2014). In Veracruz 177 specimens were observed in four localities (Oropeza-Sánchez 2014), and in Puebla, in the localities of  Apulco and Barranca de Xocoyolo, very few individuals and several tadpoles were observed.

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Habitat

It inhabits pristine and moderately disturbed cloud forests (dominated by oak) and breeding takes place in streams by larval development. This species seem to prefer forest with high canopy cover and deep leaf litter.

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Use Trade

There are no records that the species is utilized.

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Threats

The disappearance and disturbance of cloud forests are the major threats to this species. The pollution and desiccation of streams may be a relevant threat too. The habitat has been completely destroyed in some localities where this species occured.

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Specific Threats

  • 1.3 Tourism & recreation areas
  • 9.1.3 Type Unknown/Unrecorded
  • 1.1 Housing & urban areas
  • 9.3.4 Type Unknown/Unrecorded
  • 2.1.1 Shifting agriculture

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Conservation Actions

This species is protected by Mexican law under the "Special Protection" category (Pr).  A consortium of partners are working on establishing a captive breeding programme and developing an education and awareness campaign for this species (Kapoor 2008). Apulco is a small area informally protected by a local community as well as two small areas close to Huatusco and Coscomatepec, Veracruz are protected by private iniciatives.Protection of the original cloud forest and measures to avoid the pollution of streams from anthropogenic activities are required to protect this species.

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Specific Actions

  • 1.2 Resource & habitat protection
  • 1.1 Site/area protection

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Red List Rationale

Listed as Critically Endangered because there is a continuos decline of its population due mainly to transformation or loss of its habitat (Cloud forest). The number of mature individuals in each subpopulation is less than 50 (Oropeza-Sánchez 2014).

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Bibliography

  • Brandt, T. and Buschmann, H. 2004. Die Herpetofauna des Landschaftsschutzgebietes "Feuchtgebiet internationaler Bedeutung Steinhuder Meer" in Niedersachsen. Zeitschrift fuer Feldherpetologie: 1-40.
  • Gleed-Owen, C. 1996. Amphibian remains identified from the gut of a grass snake and a polecat. British Herpetological Society Bulletin: 21-23.
  • Kapoor, P. 2008. The Amphibian Project.
  • Mendelson III, J.R. 1997. A new species of toad (Anura: Bufonidae) from Oaxaca, Mexico with comments on the status of Bufo cavifrons and Bufo cristatus. Herpetologica: 268-286.
  • Mendelson III, J.R. 1998. Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae: Bufo cristatus Wiegmann. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles: 1-2.
  • Mendelson III, J.R. and Canseco-Márquez, L. 1998. Geographic distribution. Bufo cristatus. Herpetological Review: 106.
  • Oropeza-Sánchez, M. T. 2014. Contribución al conocimiento de un sapo en peligro de extinción (Incilius cristatus): Ecología de poblaciones, hábitat e historia natural. Escuela de Biología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.
  • Pineda, E., Halffter, G. 2004. Species diversity and habitat fragmentation: frogs in a tropical montane landscape in Mexico. Biological Conservation 117: 499-508.

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