Matricaria chamomilla (synonym: Matricaria recutita), commonly known as chamomile (also spelled camomile), German chamomile,^[3]Hungarian chamomile (kamilla), wild chamomile or scented mayweed,^[4][5] is an annual plant of the composite family Asteraceae. M. chamomilla is the most popular source of the herbal product chamomile, although other species are also used as chamomile.^[3]

Etymology[edit]

The word chamomile comes from the Greek χαμαίμηλον (chamaimēlon) meaning "earth-apple",^[6] which is derived from χαμαί (chamai) meaning "on the ground"^[7] and μήλον (mēlon) meaning "apple".^[8] It is so called because of the apple-like scent of the plant.

Chamomile blue refers to chamazulene, the purified, deep-blue essential oil derived using steam distillation, rather than the plant itself.

Description[edit]

M. chamomilla has a branched, erect and smooth stem, which grows to a height of 15–60 cm (6-24inches). The long and narrow leaves are bipinnate or tripinnate.

The flowers are borne in paniculateflower heads (capitula). The white ray florets are furnished with a ligule, while the disc florets are yellow. The hollow receptacle is swollen and lacks scales. This property distinguishes German chamomile from corn chamomile (Anthemis arvensis), which has a receptacle with scales. The flowers bloom in early to midsummer, and have a strong, aromatic smell.

Distribution[edit]

M. chamomilla can be found near populated areas all over Europe and temperate Asia, and it has been widely introduced in temperate North America and Australia. It often grows near roads, around landfills, and in cultivated fields as a weed, because the seeds require open soil to survive.

Uses[edit]

Herbalism[edit]

German chamomile is used in herbal medicine for a sore stomach, irritable bowel syndrome, and as a gentle sleep aid.^[9] It is also used as a mild laxative and is anti-inflammatory^[10] and bactericidal.^[11] It can be taken as an herbal tea, two teaspoons of dried flower per cup of tea, which should be steeped for 10 to 15 minutes while covered to avoid evaporation of the volatile oils. The marc should be pressed because of the formation of a new active principle inside the cells, which can then be released by rupturing the cell walls, though this substance only forms very close to boiling point. For a sore stomach, some recommend taking a cup every morning without food for two to three months.^[12] It has been studied as a mouthwash against oral mucositis^[13]and may have acaricidal properties against certain mites, such as Psoroptes cuniculi.^{[citation needed]}

One of the active ingredients of its essential oil is the terpenebisabolol.^[14] Other active ingredients include farnesene, chamazulene, flavonoids (including apigenin, quercetin, patuletin and luteolin) and coumarin.^[14]

Dried chamomile has a reputation (among herbalists) for being incorrectly prepared because it is dried at a temperature above the boiling point of the volatile components of the plant.^{[citation needed]}

Potential pharmacology[edit]

A 2006 review of the medical literature reported a number of beneficial effects for chamomile in in vitro and animal tests, but added more human clinical trials are needed before any firm conclusions can be drawn. Research with animals suggests antispasmodic, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory and some antimutagenic and cholesterol-lowering effects for chamomile.^[15] Chamomile has sped healing time of wounds in animals.^[16][17] It also showed some benefit in an animal model of diabetes.^[18]In vitro chamomile has demonstrated moderate antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and significant antiplatelet activity, as well as preliminary results against cancer.^[14][19] Essential oil of chamomile was shown to be a potential antiviral agent against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro.^[20] Potential risks include interference with warfarin and infant botulism in very young children.^[21][22]

The methanol extract of M. recutita showed potent antiallergic activity by inhibition of histamine release from mast cells in cell-mediated allergic models.^[23]

A recent prospective clinical study found twice-a-day chamomile compresses were as effective as hydrocortisone 1% ointment on peristomal skin lesions in colostomy patients.^[24]

In 2009, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania concluded the first controlled clinical trial of chamomile extract for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The results suggest chamomile may have modest anxiolytic activity in patients with mild to moderate GAD, although the results have not since been replicated.^[25]

Possible side effects[edit]

Chamomile, a relative of ragweed, can cause allergy symptoms and can cross-react with ragweed pollen in individuals with ragweed allergies. It also contains coumarin, so care should be taken to avoid potential drug interactions, e.g. with blood thinners.

While extremely rare, very large doses of chamomile may cause nausea and vomiting. Even more rarely, rashes may occur.^[26] A type-IV allergic reaction with severe anaphylaxis has been reported in a 38-year old man who drank chamomile tea.^[27]

Cultivation[edit]

Soil type: German chamomile will tolerate many soils, but prefers a sandy, well-drained soil with a pH of 7.0-7.5 and full sun.

Cultivation: In gardens, plants should be spaced 15–30 cm (6–12 in) apart. Chamomile does not require large amounts of fertilizer, but depending on soil tests, small amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium should be applied before planting.^[28]

The amounts of major nutrients that German chamomile needs for growing and reproduction are:

• P = phosphorus 2,000 ppm (0.2%)
• K = potassium 10,000 ppm (1%)
• N = nitrogen 8,500 ppm (0.85%)
• S = sulfur 1,000 ppm (0.1%)
• Ca = calcium 5,000 ppm (0.5%)
• Mg = magnesium 2,000 ppm (0.2%)

See also[edit]

• Chamomile
• Roman Chamomile

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Graedon, Joe; Theresa Graedon (2001). The People's Pharmacy Guide to Home and Herbal Remedies. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-312-26764-3. 
• Reader's Digest Association (1999). The Healing Power of Vitamins, Minerals, and Herbs. Reader's Digest. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-7621-0132-0.