This guide is based on wikipedia's list of birds of Germany with accidentals removed to keep the guide under 500 entries.
The Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) most often simply called the Collared Dove, also sometimes hyphenated as Eurasian Collared-dove is a species of dove native to Asia and Europe, and also recently introduced in North America.
The Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur), also known as the European Turtle Dove, is a member of the bird family Columbidae, the doves and pigeons.
The Rock Dove (Columba livia) or Rock Pigeon is a member of the bird family Columbidae (doves and pigeons). In common usage, this bird is often simply referred to as the "pigeon".
The Stock Dove (Columba oenas) is a species of bird in the family Columbidae, the doves and pigeons.
The Common Wood Pigeon (Columba palumbus) is a large species in the dove and pigeon family. It belongs to the Columba genus and, like all pigeons and doves, belongs to the family Columbidae. It is locally known in southeast England as the Culver.