Guía general de Macrohongos de Costa Rica

Língzhī (chino tradicional:靈芝; simplificado, chino:灵芝; japonés: reishi; Corea: yeongji, SAD: 영지) es el nombre de una de las formas (el basidiocarpo) del hongo Ganoderma lucidum (y que también se aplica a su pariente cercano Ganoderma tsugae) que crece en la zona más al norte de los bosques orientales. Estas dos especies de hongos se encuentran distribuidos por todo el mundo, tanto en zonas tropicales como en templadas, incluyendo Norteamérica, Sudamérica, less ↑

Ischnoderma resinosum is a species of fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. Commonly known as the late fall polypore, resinous polypore, or benzoin bracket, this shelf mushroom is 7–25 cm (3–10 in) across, velvety, dark red/brown, aging black. Its spongy but tough, sweet smelling flesh exudes a red liquid when young. This fungus fruits on hardwood logs and stumps in late autumn. A widely distributed species, it has been recorded from Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. less ↑

Daedalea quercina es una especie de hongo del orden Polyporales, y la especie tipo del género Daedalea. Es conocido comúnmente como "oak mazegill" o "maze-gill fungus" en inglés. El epíteto específico se refiere al roble, género Quercus, sobre el que crece frecuentemente, causando una podredumbre marrón. Se encuentra en Europa, Asia, África del Norte y Australasia. No es comestible, puede utilizarse como peine natural y ha sido objeto de investigaciones químicas. less ↑

Laetiporus gilbertsonii is a species of polypore fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. It is found in western North America. It was one of three new Laetiporus species published in 2001, which were distinguished genetically from the common Laetiporus sulphureus; the others were L. conifericola and L. huroniensis. The type collection, made in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park in 1997, was found fruiting on a eucalyptus tree. It has also been collected in Or less ↑

Laetiporus persicinus, commonly known as the white chicken mushroom, is an edible mushroom of the genus Laetiporus. It is closely related to the chicken mushroom, or Laetiporus sulphureus. Laetiporus persicinus has a salmon pink cap and white pores. This mushroom grows on dead and living hardwood and softwood trees. It was first described scientifically by Miles Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis in 1853 as Polyporus persicinus. It has been collected in Afr less ↑

Laetiporus sulphureus es una especie de hongo de repisa (hongos que crecen en los árboles) que se encuentra en Europa y América del Norte. Sus nombres comunes son cangrejo de los bosques, plataforma de azufre y pollo de los bosques. Sus esporocarpos o cuerpos fructíferos crecen como llamativas estructuras de color amarillo dorado en forma de estante en troncos de árboles y ramas. Viejos cuerpos fructíferos se desvanecen a beige pálido o gris pálido. La superficie less ↑

Cerrena unicolor has fruit bodies that are semicircular, wavy brackets up to 10 centimeters (4 in) wide. Attached to the growing surface without a stalk (sessile), the upper surface is finely hairy, white to grayish brown in color, and in zonate—marked with zones or concentric bands of color. The surface is often green from algal growth. The pore surface is whitish in young specimens, later turning gray in maturity. The arrangement of the pores resembles a maze of slots; the tubes may extend to 4 mm deep. The spore print is white.

When a female wasp of the genus Tremex bores into wood near these fungi, spores will become trapped in the wasp's ovipositor. The spores are carried with the wasp's eggs and will eventually germinate where the eggs are placed. As the spores germinate and form a mycelium, the wasp's eggs will hatch, and the newly-born larvae eat the mycelium. The wasp species Tremex columba requires C. unicolor to grow, as without the interaction, the larvae will die. However, after these eggs are laid, the parasitic wasp genus Megarhyssa will lay its own eggs within the eggs of the Tremex wasp. The larvae of Megarhyssa, when hatched, proceeds to eat the larvae of Tremex, helping control the population of Tremex.

Spores are elliptical in shape, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, and have dimensions of 5–7 by 2.5–4 µm. less ↑

The cap is 7.5–25.5 cm (3.0–10.0 in) in diameter, initially convex, but becomes funnel-shaped in age. The margin (cap edge) is rolled inwards and cottony when young, concealing the immature gills. The cap surface is dry, smooth and whitish when young, often with yellowish or brownish stains, but becomes coarsely scaly and darkens to dull brownish-ochre with age. The gills have an adnate to decurrent attachment to the stem, close to subdistant, white at first then cream to pale ochre. They are 5–65 mm (0.2–2.6 in) long and 1–7 mm (0.04–0.3 in) deep. The stem is 4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in) long, up to 3 cm (1.2 in) thick, nearly equal in width throughout or tapered downward. It is dry, scurfy to nearly smooth and white, staining brown with age. It is initially stuffed (as if filled with cotton), but later becomes hollow. The flesh is thick and white, and between 3 and 15 mm (0.1 and 0.6 in) thick. The latex produced by the mushroom is white, and does not change color upon exposure to air, although it stains the mushroom flesh a yellowish-brown color.

The odor of the flesh and latex may range from indistinct to pungent or turnip-like in age; the taste is strongly acrid—so much that it may have an anesthetizing effect in the throat. In his original description of the species, Peck reported "An experiment of its edible qualities was made without any evil consequences." Thorough cooking removes the bitter taste, but the mushroom is not highly regarded as an edible, and as Hesler and Smith have noted, "some of our acquaintances have found it rather undesirable (and indigestible)." Other guides list it as outright inedible. The mushroom is sold at traditional markets in Puebla, Mexico.

The spore print, freshly made, is white to whitish; after drying out the spores in mass are pale yellowish. The spores are broadly ellipsoid, hyaline (translucent) and measure 9–13 by 7–9 µm. An apiculus is prominent. The spores are ornamented with warts and spines that do not form a reticulum (a system of raised, net-like ridges) on the surface. The prominences are up to 1.5 µm high, and amyloid, meaning they absorb iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored, and measure 46–58 by 7–9 µm. The pleurocystidia (cystidia found on the face of a gill) are very abundant, roughly club-shaped to ventricose(swollen in the middle), with apices often tapering; their dimensions are 48–96 x 6–10 µm. The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the edge of the gills) are 40–58 x 5–7 µm, and more or less similar in appearance to the pleurocystidia. The cap cuticle is made of a layer of somewhat uplifted hyphae. The stem cuticle is a layer of bent-over hyphae bearing thick-walled, filamentous caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem), and it lacks a gelatinous layer.

The fungus Lactifluus pseudodeceptivus is very similar to L. deceptivus in its external appearance, but it has spore ornamentation that forms a reticulum, and its stem is an ixocutis (a gelatinous layer of hyphae lying parallel to the surface). L. caeruleitinctus is also similar in appearance, but it has a milky-white stem with blue tints that develops more intense blue coloration after handling, and it lacks a cottony, inrolled margin. Other lookalike species include Lactarius arcuatus, which has a much smaller cap and smaller spores, and Lactarius parvulus, which has a small, zonate cap. Russula brevipes and R. angustispora are also somewhat similar in appearance, but they do not produce latex when cut or injured. Lactifluus subvellereus var. subdistans has more widely spaced gills, and an even cap margin. Lactifluus piperatus has densely crowded gills, a firm rather than soft and cottony cap margin, and exceedingly acrid latex. less ↑

-Píleo juvenil hemiesferico, luego convexo, con la zona umbilical plana ligeramente concava de color liláceo-violeta oscuro. En seco púrpura oscuro mate con un ligero. tinte rosáceo. Los estados juveniles secan purpúreo-gris pizarra , mate.

-Píleo maduro 29-39 mm de diametro, seco, subvelutmo, luego rimuloso y parcialmente granuloso.

-Margen obtuso, liso. Laminillas blancas en fresco, secando avellana muy pálido.

• Estipite blanco puro, opaco, subvelutino, regular o ade!gazando hacia la base. Contexto blanco

Fuente: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286407061_Basidiomicetes_de_Costa_Rica_De_Russulae_novae less ↑

La carbonera, de nombre científico Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. 1863, es un hongo basidiomiceto comestible, de la familia Russulaceae. Crece tanto en bosques de coníferas como de planifolios, y su seta, o cuerpo fructífero, aflora desde principios de verano hasta mediados el otoño. Su basónimo es Agaricus cyanoxanthus Schaeff. 1774, y el epíteto específico, cyanoxantha, significa "de color azul amarillento". less ↑

Russula xerampelina es un hongo basidiomiceto comestible, de la familia Russulaceae. Crece en suelos ácidos de bosques de coníferas y piceas. Su seta, o cuerpo fructífero, aflora de verano a otoño. Su epíteto específico xerampelina significa "del color de las hojas secas". Esta especie, como muchas del género Russula, es polícroma. Por ello, sus setas pueden presentar varias tonalidades, principalmente rojo purpúreo o carmín y, a veces, ocre. less ↑

Lactarius indigo, es una especie de hongo comestible de la familia Russulaceae. Su cuerpo fructífero presenta colores que van desde el azul oscuro en especímenes frescos al gris azulado pálido en los más viejos. La "leche", o látex, que emana cuando el tejido de la seta es cortado o roto —una característica común a todos los miembros del género Lactarius— también es de color azul añil, pero lentamente se torna en verde al entrar en contacto... less ↑

Fruitbodies are shallowly funnel-shaped (infundibuliform), and up to 15 cm in diameter. The upper surface is orange or orange-brown in the centre, with a lighter margin. It may be velvety or tomentose when young, but will become wrinkled or lumpy in age. The flesh is tough and woody, pale to dark orange-brown in color, without any distinctive odor but a bitter or mealy taste. The teeth are short (up to 5 mm long), white, but the tips gradually turn brown with age. The stipe is up to 4 cm long and 0.5–2 cm thick, orange to dark brown in color, with a velvety surface. The spore print is brown. This species is inedible due to the toughness of the flesh and its poor taste.

Basidia (the spore-bearing cells) are between 35–46 by 8–11 µm, club-shaped (clavate), without clamp connections, and four-spored. The sterigmata (extensions of the basidia bearing spores) may be up to 6 µm long. Basidiospores are roughly spherical in shape, with rough warty outgrowths (tubercles), nonamyloid, and have dimensions of 5.5–8 by 5.5–6.5 µm.

The orange Hydnellum resembles the polypore Phaeolus schweinitzii when viewed from the top of the cap surface, but it has teeth instead of pores on the hymenium. Closely related and morphologically similar species in the genus Hydnellum include H. congenum (has thin flesh in the cap), H. ferrugipes and H. earlianum (has a smoother cap, and spines have sulfur-yellow tips, not white). less ↑