Flora Singapore List E

Trees to 12 m tall. Terminal buds and branchlets gummy resinous, branchlets glabrous. Petiole 3-6 cm, robust, glabrous, swollen at both ends; leaf blade oblong or elliptic, 9-18 × 4-8 cm, leathery, glabrous, lateral veins 5-8 per side, prominent abaxially, conspicuous adaxially, veinlets conspicuous on both surfaces, base acute, rounded, or obtuse, margin slightly crenate to entire, apex acuminate to acute. Racemes in axils of fallen and current leaves, 6-12 cm; peduncles glabrous or nearly so. Pedicel nearly glabrous. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 6-7 mm, abaxially pilose. Petals ca. as long as sepals, oblong, abaxially brown pubescent, upper 1/2 laciniate; segments 9-14. Stamens 20-30, pubescent; anthers long awned, curved outward. Disk 10-lobed, glabrous. Ovary 2-loculed, glabrous; style glabrous. Drupe shiny, ellipsoid, 1.5-1.8 × 0.9-1 cm; endocarp bony, furrowed, 1-loculed. Seed ca. 1 cm. Fl. Aug-Sep, fr. Sep-Dec. less ↑

"Erect, tufted, rhizomatous perennials, 30-40 cm tall; rhizome short, stolons long; stems terete, not transversely septate and smooth. Leaves reduced to bladeless sheaths; sheaths 5-10 cm, membranous, purple-brown, mouth acute. Inflorescence with a single spikelet. Spikelet cylindrical, as wide as the stem, 10-20 x 3-4 mm, acute; rachilla straight, wingless; glumes spiral, 4.5-5 x 2-2.5 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse, midrib prominent, broadly scarious on the upper part, margins scarious, brown coloured within the scarious margins; hypogynous bristles 5-7, shorter, as long as the style base, retrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, anthers 1 mm long. Style long; stigmas 3; style base conical, 0.5 mm, dark brown. Nut obovoid, unequally biconvex, 2-2.5 x 1-1.5 mm (incl. style base), stramineous." less ↑

Shrubs scandent. Branchlets angled, longitudinally ridged, densely tawny or rusty papillose-tomentose. Petiole 5-10 mm, marginate to base; leaf blade elliptic, oblong, or narrowly obovate, (3.5-)5-8(-10) × (1.5-)3-3.5 cm, papery, leathery or rarely cartilaginous, glabrous, pellucid or black punctate, base cuneate or rounded, margin revolute, entire, apex acuminate, rarely subacute; lateral veins inconspicuous. Inflorescences terminal, pinnately pyramidal paniculate, (6-) 10-l5(-30) cm; bracts subulate or lanceolate, 1-1.5 mm, sparsely puberulent abaxially, black punctate-lineate, margin entire, sparsely glandular puberulent, apex subulate. Flowers greenish or white, (4 or)5-merous, papery, staminate 2-2.5 mm, pistillate 1.5-2 mm. Pedicel (2-)3-3.5 mm in staminate, 1.5-2.5 mm in pistillate, sparsely to densely papillose puberulent. Sepals deltate, pellucid-punctate, glandular papillose adaxially and on margin, apex acuminate. Petals free, elliptic or oblong, papery, pellucid punctate, densely glandular granulose inside, margin entire, long glandular papillose, apex acute to obtuse. Stamens subequalling petals or slightly exserted to 1 mm in staminate and 2/3 petal length in pistillate; anthers ovate or oblong, base sagittate, apex rounded, connective black punctate. Ovary glabrous. Stigma capitate or 2- or 3-lobed. Fruit red or scarlet, globose or ovoid,(2-)3-4 (-5) mm in diam., smooth, wrinkled when dry, densely black punctate. less ↑

A shrub or small tree to to 6 m tall, deciduous. Leaves membranous, crowded at the end of branchlets, oblong to oblong-obovate, cuneate at base, acuminate, 7-28 cm long, 3.5-10cm wide, with 8-10 mian lateral nerves; stipules shaffy, persistent, 5-16 mm long; petiole up to 4 cm long. Flowers fragrant, 5-merous, ovary and calyx glabrous, tube up to 1.5 mm; corolla white, turning to cream, with red markings between the lobes, corolla tube 16-24 cm long, pubescent inside. less ↑

Plants with scape separate form shoot with many linear-lanceolate, persistent leaves. Scape lateral, exceeding the leaves, slender, up to 60-80 cm, with scattered, broadly ovate, c.10 mm long sheaths. Inflorescence lax, ± branched. Bracts lanceo¬late, acuminate, 5-8 mm long. Flowers spreading, greenish with darker purple, netted veins; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; petals somewhat broader, acute. Labellum 12 mm long, 3-lobed; side-lobes pale green to purplish, small, triangular- oblong, obtuse; mid lobe pale rose, subrotund, with undulate margins; disk in centre between side-lobes with 3-5 purple nerves, getting densely fimbriate on mid-lobe. Spur cylindric, 3-4 mm long, slightly dilated at apex. Column 4-5 mm. Ovary glabrous, with equally long, hardly twisted pedicel; ripe seed-capsule enlarged. less ↑

"Leaves appears after flowering, 125-130 x 3-4 cm, including 66 cm long petiole, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers pink, in above 75 cm long, lax raceme; dorsal sepal 22 x 7 mm, oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 9-veined; lateral sepals 25 x 7 mm, falcately oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 9-veined; petals 19 x 10 mm, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 9-veined; lip 23 x 10-17 mm, 3-lobed, side lobes orbicular; midlobe ovate-orbicular, emarginate, disc with rows of ridges." less ↑

Encephalartos altensteinii is a palm-like cycad in the family Zamiaceae. It is endemic to South Africa. The species name altensteinii commemorates Altenstein, a 19th-century German chancellor and patron of science. It is commonly known as the breadtree, broodboom, eastern Cape giant cycad or uJobane (Zulu). It is listed as vulnerable due to habitat destruction, use for traditional medicine and removal by collectors. less ↑

Bole: Straight. Large. To 30 m. Bark: Brown/red. Scaling. Rough. Slash: Brown/pink with orange flecks/pink streaks. Granular. Leaf: Bipinnate. 2 - 4 pairs of pinnae. 7 - 14 leaflets per pinna. Alternate. Lflts: Pinnae opposite. Leaflets alternate. Petiole: With rachis: 11 - 35 cm. Lamina: Small/medium. 3 - 9 × 1 - 5 cm. Ovate/elliptic. Cuneate. Asymmetrical. Acuminate. Entire. Glabrous/pubescent on midrib beneath. Domatia: Absent. Glands: Absent. Stipules: Small. Falling. Thorns & Spines: Absent. Flower: Yellow-white/green-yellow. Spike-like racemes. Fruit: Slightly curved pod. 8 - 17 × 3 - 5.3 cm. less ↑

Erythrina crista-galli is a flowering tree in the family Fabaceae, native to Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil and Paraguay. It is widely planted as a street or garden tree in other countries, most notably in California (in the United States). It is known by several common names within South America: ceibo, seíbo (Spanish), corticeira (Portuguese) and the more ambiguous bucaré, to name a few. In English it is often known as the Cockspur Coral Tree. less ↑

Erythrina fusca is a species of flowering tree in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is known by many common names, including purple coraltree, gallito, bois immortelle, bucayo, and the more ambiguous "bucare" and "coral bean". E. fusca has the widest distribution of any Erythrina species; it is the only one found in both the New and Old World. It grows on coasts and along rivers in tropical Asia, Oceania, the Mascarene Islands, Madagascar, Africa, and the... less ↑

Erythrina vespertilio is a tree native to north and north-east Australia. Its common names are Grey Corkwood, Bat's Wing Coral Tree, and the more ambiguous "bean tree". In the Western Desert language it is also known as ininti. It was widely traditionally used by Aboriginal Australians in Central Australia for making woomeras and coolamons. The Warlpiri, among others, would use the wood to make shields, used either for warfare or ceremonially. These shields could then be used for making fire with the friction method. less ↑

The loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) is a species of flowering plant in the family Rosaceae, native to south-central China. It is a large evergreen shrub or small tree, grown commercially for its yellow fruit, and also cultivated as an ornamental plant. It was formerly thought to be closely related to the genus Mespilus, and is still sometimes known as the Japanese medlar. It is also known as Japanese plum and Chinese plum. In Japan it is called... less ↑

Herbs perennial, monoecious or dioecious. Stems prostrate, usually branched, terete, pubescent or glabrescent. Leaves alternate; stipules triangular, 4-10 × 2-5 mm; petiole 1.5-5 mm; leaf blade papery, obliquely elliptic or obovate, 1.8-11 × 1.2-4.0 cm, major lateral veins asymmetric, one basal, the other arising above base, broader outer half auriculate, margin undulate, undulate-crenate or nearly entire, apex obtuse, rounded or hebetate; cystoliths conspicuous, dense; nanophylls ovate or nearly linear, ca. 1 mm. Staminate inflorescences 0.6-3 cm in diam., peduncle 2-14 cm; staminate flowers: tepals 5, broadly elliptic or elliptic; stamens 5; rudimentary pistil subulate. Pistillate inflorescences ca. 3 mm in diam., sessile; pistillate flowers: tepals 5. Achenes ovoid or ellipsoidal, tuberculate. Fl. May-Oct. less ↑

Shrubs or small trees. Young branches grayish brown, glabrous; current year branchlets reddish brown, densely pubescent; terminal buds densely pubescent. Petiole 3-6 mm, pubescent; leaf blade lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or rarely ovate-oblong, 5.5-9.5 × 1.5-2.5 cm, papery to thinly leathery, abaxially pale green and pubescent, adaxially green, shiny, and glabrous, midvein abaxially elevated and adaxially slightly impressed, secondary veins more than 15 on each side of midvein and visible or slightly raised on both surfaces, base cuneate, obtuse, or rounded, margin serrulate, apex caudate-acuminate and with an obtuse tip. Flowers axillary, solitary or to 3 in a cluster. Pedicel 2-3 mm, pubescent. Male flowers: bracteoles orbicular, ca. 1 mm; sepals 2-2.5 mm, subleathery, outside pubescent, apex obtuse; petals oblong to ovate, 3.5-4 mm; stamens 15-20; anthers not locellate; pistillode glabrous. Female flowers: bracteoles, sepals, and petals similar to those of male flowers but slightly smaller; ovary globose, glabrous, 3-loculed; style 2-3 mm, apically 3-5-lobed or parted. Fruit globose, 3-4 mm in diam. Fl. Nov-Dec, fr. Jun-Aug. 2n = 58. less ↑

"Annual herbs; stem glabrescent. Leaves 2.5-5.5 x 2-3.5 cm, ovate or ovate-oblong, base cuneate, sometimes oblique, apex acute or subobtuse, pubescent on both surfaces, 3-nerved from base; petiole to 1 cm long. Heads 6-12-flowered, axillary, homogamous, non-rayed; peduncle 0.2-1 cm long, erect at first, becomes curved in fruit. Involucral bracts in 2 series, outer leafy, 5-8 x 2-3 mm. Flowers bisexual. Corolla yellow, tubular, 3-4 mm long, 5-lobed. Anthers sagittate at base. Achenes 3-3.5 mm long, obovoid, slightly angled, tubercled, finely pubescent." less ↑

Echinacea purpurea (eastern purple coneflower or purple coneflower) is a species of flowering plant in the genus Echinacea of the family Asteraceae. Its cone-shaped flowering heads are usually, but not always, purple in the wild. It is native to eastern North America and present to some extent in the wild in much of the eastern, southeastern and midwest United States. less ↑

Eupatorium capillifolium (dogfennel) is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Asteraceae, native to southeastern North America. It is generally between 50 cm and 2 meters tall with several stems that fork from a substantial base. The stems and base are covered in leaves so dissected that they resemble green hairs coming out of the stem in fractal patterns. When crushed, the leaves and flowers smell rather unpleasant. less ↑

Eurycoma longifolia (commonly called tongkat ali or pasak bumi) is a flowering plant in the family Simaroubaceae, native to Indonesia, Malaysia, and, to a lesser extent, Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. It is also known under the names penawar pahit, penawar bias, bedara merah, bedara putih, lempedu pahit, payong ali, tongkat baginda, muntah bumi, petala bumi (all the above Malay); bidara laut (Indonesian); babi kurus (Javanese); cây bá bệnh (Vietnamese) and tho nan (Laotian). Many of the... less ↑

Arazá is a fruit tree, originating in western part of Amazonia. This plant is a kind of less known and underutilized crop, which have certain attractive properties for further agricultural development. Although the fruit is very acidic for direct consumption, it can be processed into juices, nectars, marmalades, ice-creams etc. with an exotic, refreshing taste. The species is believed to have its origin in the extreme west of the Amazon basin, perhaps in the Peruvian Amazon.(2) Most of the wild populations are found on old, non-floodable terraces in tropical, white, highly leached podzolic soils, which are distributed specifically within the area between the Marañón and Ucayali Rivers and where the Amazon begins and as far as Iquitos (ssp. sororia) and in Brazilian state Acre (ssp. Stipitata).(4) It is only found in the western Amazon and does not appear to have been widely spread by the Indians, although some of the best varieties appear to have been selected by the Peruvian Indians around Iquitos.(3) The reason is that within the locally cultivated material, there occur varieties 12 cm in diameter and 740 g in weight, compared with the wild populations which do not exceed 7 cm in diameter and 30 g in weight. (4) Less frequently species may be found also in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia. It is exotic to other tropical areas in South America, Central America and Florida. Specimens have also been introduced elsewhere in the tropics, for example in Tenom, Sabah, Malaysia. (3) less ↑

The Pitanga, Surinam Cherry, Brazilian Cherry, or Cayenne Cherry (Eugenia uniflora) is a plant in the family Myrtaceae, native to tropical South America's east coast ranging from Suriname to southern Brazil, as well as parts of Paraguay and Uruguay. Known as Pitanga throughout Brazil or Ñangapirí in surrounding countries, The plant is relatively pest resistant, easy to grow and high in antioxidants. The Surinam Cherry is often used in gardens as a hedge or screen. The... less ↑

Eryngium foetidum is a tropical perennial and annual herb in the family Apiaceae. Common names include culantro, Mexican coriander and long coriander. It is native to Mexico and South America, but is cultivated worldwide. In the United States, where it is not well known outside Latino and Caribbean communities, the name culantro sometimes causes confusion with Coriandrum sativum (also in Apiaceae), the leaves of which are known as cilantro, and which culantro is said to taste... less ↑

Shrubs, scandent or climbers, to 7 m tall. Branches with scattered, recurved prickles. Petiole 2-6 cm, glabrous, prickly; petiolules 2-8 mm; leaflets 3(-5), ovate, elliptic-ovate, or oblong, 4-10 × 2-4.5 cm, papery, adaxially glabrous or slightly setose on midvein and veins, secondary veins 5 or 6 pairs, base cuneate, margin serrulate, apex acute or acuminate. Inflorescence a terminal raceme of umbels or a compound umbel, borne on leafy shoots, with 3-10 umbels; peduncles 2-7 cm; pedicels 1-2 cm. Calyx with 5 teeth, glabrous. Ovary 2-carpellate; styles united to middle. Fruit globose, laterally compressed, 3-4 mm; style bifid, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Aug-Nov, fr. Sep-Dec. less ↑

Excoecaria cochinchinensis ("Chinese croton", "Blindness tree", "Buta Buta", "Jungle Fire plant") is a species of plant in the genus Excoecaria, which is a member of the family Euphorbiaceae. It is native to Southeast Asia and China. It is a subtropical evergreen shrub with a woody stem, growing up to 1–2 meters (3.3–6.6 ft) high. Its leaves are opposite, their texture shiny and papery, the upper surface dark green or variegated and the underside a deep maroon. The leaves... less ↑

Euphorbia milii (crown of thorns, Christ plant, Christ thorn) is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaciae, native Madagascar. The species name commemorates Baron Milius, once Governor of Réunion, who introduced the species to France in 1821. It is suspected that the species was introduced to the Middle East in ancient times, and legend associates it with the crown of thorns worn by Christ. less ↑

"Large erect, fleshy deciduous, shrubs; branches terete; spines straight, 3-6 mm long, paired on flat corky base. Leaves alternate, sessile, 7-18 x 3-6.5 cm, oblanceolate-oblong or obovate, base cuneate, apex obtuse, fleshy. Cyathia usually paired, in subterminal cymes. Involucre broadly cupular, yellow; lobes fimbriate; glands 5, transversely oblong, fleshy, appendage absent. Male flowers with sterile florets, bracteolate. Female florets laterally pendulous. Style stout, branched above; stigmatic lobes flattened and slightly expanded. Capsule c. 5 mm across, 3-lobed. Seeds 4-angular, smooth." less ↑

Elaeocarpus is a genus of tropical and subtropical evergreen trees and shrubs. The approximately 350 species are distributed from Madagascar in the west through India, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, southern China, and Japan, through Australia to New Zealand, Fiji, and Hawaii in the east. The islands of Borneo and New Guinea have the greatest concentration of species. These trees are well-known for their attractive, pearl-like fruit which are often colorful. less ↑

The Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis; synonyms E. equisetina, E. indica, E. plantaginea, E. plantaginoides, E. tuberosa, E. tumida), more often called simply the water chestnut, is a grass-like sedge grown for its edible corms. The water chestnut is actually not a nut at all, but an aquatic vegetable that grows in marshes, underwater in the mud. It has tube-shaped, leafless green stems that grow to about 1.5 metres. The water caltrop, which is also referred... less ↑

Eleocharis geniculata is a species of spikesedge known by several common names, including bent spikerush and Canada spikesedge. This is a widespread plant of wet areas in the Americas, Asia, Africa, and some Pacific Islands. It is an annual spikesedge growing to a maximum height of about 40 centimeters. It has a few straw-colored leaves and many thin erect stems. The stems hold inflorescences of rounded spikelets each containing at least 10 tiny flowers. The flowers... less ↑

Eleocharis vivipara is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by several common names, including umbrella hairgrass, sprouting spikerush, and viviparous spikerush. It is native to the southern United States. It takes the form of a clump of thin stems. A spike of flowers appears at the tip of the stem. The plant may also reproduce by growing a plantlet and runners. less ↑

Perennial. Culms loosely tufted, erect or geniculate at base, 15–100 cm tall, ca. 4 mm in diam., 4–8-noded. Leaf sheaths glabrous but pilose along summit; ligules a ciliolate membrane, 0.2–0.3 mm; leaf blades flat or involute, 4–17 × 0.2–0.4 cm, adaxial surface scabrous, near base pilose, abaxial surface glabrous. Panicle open, 5–20(–25) × 2–15 cm; branches one to several per node. Spikelets plumbeous and purplish, narrowly oblong, 5–15(–25) × 1.5–2.5 mm, 8–40-flowered, pedicels 0.5–5(–15) mm; rachilla persistent. Glumes 1-veined, 1–2.3 mm; lower glume ovate, 1–1.3 mm, apex acute, upper glume narrowly ovate, 1.3–2.3 mm, apex acuminate. Lemmas broad ovate, 1.8–2.2 mm, apex acute, lower lemma 2–2.2 mm, deciduous with palea. Palea loosely ciliate along keel, 1.6–1.8 mm. Stamens 3; anthers 0.7–0.9 mm. Caryopsis ca. 1 mm. Fl. and fr. summer and autumn. 2n = 40. less ↑

Tufted annual or short-lived perennial; culms 10-80 cm high, erect or geniculately ascending, sometimes rooting from the lower nodes. Leaf-blades flat or inrolled, 2-20 cm long, up to 5.5 mm wide, subamplexicaul at the base, the apex subacute, glabrous or sparsely hairy towards the base. Panicle narrowly oblong to broadly ovate, 5-20 cm long, open or fairly densely contracted. Spikelets 11-80-flowered, ovoid to oblong, 3.5-16 mm long, 2.54 mm wide, the florets slightly overlapping and often diverging at nearly 90 degrees from the rhachilla, typically straw-coloured, tinged to deeply suffused with purple, breaking up from the base, the rhachilla persistent; glumes unequal, narrowly lanceolate in side-view, 1-nerved, the lower 1.3-1.7 mm long, the upper 1.7-1.9 mm long, subacute; lemmas broadly ovate to suborbicular when flattened, (1.5)1.8-2.2 mm long, punctulate, mucronulate, the nerves distinct; palea falling with the lemma, the keels scabrid; anthers 3, 0.2 mm long. Caryopsis obovoid or ellipsoid, laterally compressed, 0.6-0.8 mm long, orange-brown. less ↑

Echinochloa crus-galli is a type of wild grass originating from tropical Asia that was formerly classified as a type of panicum grass. It is commonly known as cockspur (or cockspur grass), barnyard millet, Japanese millet, water grass, common barnyard grass, or simply "barnyard grass" (which may refer to any species of Echinochloa or the genus as a whole however). This plant can grow to 60" (1.5 m) in height and has long, flat leaves which are... less ↑