Flora Singapore List F

Shrubs, scandent epiphytes, or trees to 15 m tall. Branchlets stout, with prominent leaf scars. Stipules scalelike, ca. 1 X 4 mm. Petiole 1--5 cm; leaf blade elliptic, ovate, obovate, or narrowly obovate, 5--25 X 2--10 cm, fleshy to leathery, glabrous, margin entire, lateral veins 4--10 inconspicuous pairs. Flowers terminal, solitary or in dichasial cymes. Calyx broadly campanulate; lobes ovate to rounded, ca. 1 cm. Corolla white, funnelform, tube 3--3.5 cm; lobes obovate, 2.5--3 X ca. 2 cm. Stamens included; anthers oblong to narrowly ovate, 5--7 mm. Ovary ellipsoid to ovoid, glabrous, 2-locular. Style filiform; stigma obconical, slightly cup-shaped to peltate. Berries ovoid, ellipsoid, or subglobose, 3--5 X 2--4 cm, apex slightly to strongly beaked. Fl. Apr-Aug. less ↑

Trees, large, deciduous. Bark dark brown. Branchlets pale brown, glabrous. Stipules caducous, broadly lanceolate, 2-4 cm. Petiole slender, 2-4 cm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 15-20 × 7-9.5 cm, papery, glabrous, base obtuse to rounded, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex abruptly shortly acuminate; secondary veins 9-15 on each side of midvein. Figs axillary on leafy branchlets or on leafless main branches, (1 or) in clusters of 2-8, yellow and white tinged red when mature, 5-8 mm in diam., with conspicuous interfloral bristles; peduncle 5-7 mm; involucral bracts cuplike. Male, gall, and female flowers within same fig. Male flowers: few, near apical pore, sessile; calyx lobes 3 or 4, involute; stamen 1; filament very short. Gall flowers: sessile; calyx lobes 2 or 3; ovary globose to obovate, glabrous; style subapical, short; stigma dilated. Female flowers: calyx lobes 2 or 3; ovary obovate, glabrous; style subapical, long. Achenes flat, smooth. Fl. and fr. Apr-Jul. less ↑

Shrubs or small trees , deciduous, to 5 m. Roots not adventitious. Bark grayish, slightly roughened. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves: stipules 1-1.2 cm; petiole 8-20 cm. Leaf blade obovate, nearly orbiculate, or ovate, palmately 3-5-lobed, 15-30 × 15-30 cm, base cordate, margins undulate or irregularly dentate, apex acute to obtuse; surfaces abaxially and adaxially scabrous-pubescent; basal veins 5 pairs; lateral veins irregularly spaced. Syconia solitary, sessile, green, yellow, or red-purple, pyriform, 5-8 cm, pubescent; peduncle ca. 1 cm; subtending bracts ovate, 1-2 mm; ostiole with 3 subtending bracts, umbonate. less ↑

A large, deciduous, upto 15 m tall, glabrous tree with irregular-shaped crown. Trunk c. 1.5 m in circumference, with subercet branches without aerial roots, bark grey or pale-grey, flaky, young twigs glabrous. Leaves with 4.10, cm. long, grooved or flattened petiole; lamina ovate-broadly ovate, (8-) 10-15 (-18) cm long, (5-) 6-10 (12) cm broad, 5 (-7)-nerved at the truncate to subcordate base, margins entire or ± wavy, apex gradually narrowed into 2-3 cm long acumen, glossy above, glabrous on both sides, lateral nerve 4-6 pairs, intercostals irregular with fine reticulations; stipules narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 10-25 mm long, acute, brownish. Hypanthodia sessile, in axillary pairs and around old leaf scars, globose, 8-10 m in diameter, whitish with dark spots, subtended by 3, rotundate basal bracts, apical orifice closed by 3 bracts; internal bristles absent-Male flowers: few, ostiolar; sepals 3, spathulate; stamen solitary, filament at lost, as anther. Female and gall flowers: sepals 3, united, lanceolate; ovary obovoid with long style, stigma clavate. Figs globose, 12-15 mm in diameter, black smooth. less ↑

Trees when mature, epiphytic vine when young. Branchlets pubescent, glabrescent, nodes with short roots. Stipules caducous, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent. Petiole ca. 1.5 cm, sparsely pubescent; leaf blade ovate to ovate-elliptic, 7-13(-20) × (3-)5-10(-14) cm, leathery, base rounded, ± cordate, or cordate, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex acute to mucronate; veins abaxially with hairs when young, glabrescent; basal lateral veins 2 or 4, secondary veins 5 or 6 on each side of midvein. Figs axillary on leafy or on leafless branchlets, solitary or paired, occasionally in clusters or on shortly tuberculate branchlets from leafless branches, reddish orange when mature, ± globose, 0.8-1.5 cm in diam., hairy when young, base attenuate into a short stalk, inside without bristles, apical pore navel-like; peduncle short; involucral bracts caducous. Male flowers: near apical pore; calyx lobes 3; stamens 2; filaments connate; anthers mucronate. Gall flowers: calyx lobes 3; ovary obovoid; style lateral, short. Female flowers: calyx basally connate, apically 3-lobed; style lateral, long; stigma cylindric. Achenes ellipsoid. Fl. Dec-Mar. less ↑

Erect shrub 90-180 cm tall, young branches appressly pubescent. Leaf trifoliolate, petiole 4.0-7.5 cm long; leaflets 10-17.5 cm long, 5.0-6.5 cm broad, ovate-oblong, acute to obtuse (even in the same plant), glabrous to subglabrous above, sparingly silky below, petiolule 3-6.5 mm long; stipules c. 1.2 cm long. Inflorescence a dense axillary raceme, shorter than petiole, solitary above, usually fasciculate in the lower axils. Bracts 6-6.5 mm long; pedicel very short. Calyx 9-10 mm long, pubescent, dotted with black glands, teeth much longer than the tube. Corolla white with pink streaks. Vexillum c. 11-12 mm long. Fruit 3.5-12.5 mm long, finely pubescent, eglandular, 2-seeded. less ↑

Ficus is a pan-tropical genus of trees, shrubs and vines occupying a wide variety of ecological niches; most are evergreen, but some deciduous species are endemic to areas outside of the tropics and to higher elevations. Fig species are characterized by their unique inflorescence and distinctive pollination syndrome, which utilizes wasp species belonging to the Agaonidae family for pollination.

The specific identification of many of the species can be difficult, but figs as a group are relatively easy to recognize. Many have aerial roots and a distinctive shape or habit, and their fruits distinguish them from other plants. The fig fruit is an enclosed inflorescence, sometimes referred to as a syconium, an urn-like structure lined on the inside with the fig's tiny flowers. The unique fig pollination system, involving tiny, highly specific wasps, known as fig wasps that enter via ostiole these sub-closed inflorescences to both pollinate and lay their own eggs, has been a constant source of inspiration and wonder to biologists. Finally, there are three vegetative traits that together are unique to figs. All figs possess a white to yellowish latex, some in copious quantities; the twig has paired stipules or a circular stipule scar if the stipules have fallen off; and the lateral veins at the base of the leaf are steep, forming a tighter angle with the midrib than the other lateral veins, a feature referred to as "tri-veined".

There are no unambiguous older fossils of Ficus. However, current molecular clock estimates indicate that Ficus is a relatively ancient genus being at least 60 million years old, and possibly as old as 80 million years. The main radiation of extant species, however, may have taken place more recently, between 20 and 40 million years ago.

Some better-known species that represent the diversity of the genus include the Common Fig, which is a small temperate deciduous tree whose fingered fig leaf is well known in art and iconography; the Weeping Fig (F. benjamina) a hemi-epiphyte with thin tough leaves on pendulous stalks adapted to its rain forest habitat; the rough-leaved sandpaper figs from Australia; the Creeping Fig (F. pumila), a vine whose small, hard leaves form a dense carpet of foliage over rocks or garden walls.

Moreover, figs with different plant habits have undergone adaptive radiation in different biogeographic regions, leading to very high levels of alpha diversity. In the tropics, it is quite common to find that Ficus is the most species-rich plant genus in a particular forest. In Asia as many as 70 or more species can co-exist. Ficus species richness declines with an increase in latitude in both hemispheres. less ↑

Trees, 15-20 m tall. Bark gray, smooth. Branches producing aerial roots; branchlets dull yellowish brown, straight. Stipules lanceolate, (0.7-)1.5-2.5 cm, membranous, glabrous. Petiole robust; 0.9-1.8 cm, glabrous; leaf blade oblong to broadly ovate, ± symmetric, 4-12(-15) × 3-6(-7) cm, ± leathery, drying greenish gray to pale greenish brown, glabrous, base rounded to broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate to mucronate; basal lateral veins short, secondary veins 10-16 on each side of midvein, anastomosing near margin, indistinct from tertiary veins. Figs axillary on leafy branchlets, paired or sometimes solitary, yellow when mature, globose to oblong, 1.5-1.8 cm in diam., smooth, apical pore liplike, bracts 3 and small, sessile; involucral bracts broadly ovate, 3-10 × 3-13 mm, persistent, conspicuous. Male, gall, and female flowers within same fig. Male flowers: few, sessile; calyx lobes 3; stamen 1; filament shorter than anther; anther cordate. Gall flowers: sessile or pedicellate; calyx lobes connate, apically 4-lobed; ovary smooth; style ± lateral, short. Female flowers: calyx lobes 4; style long. Achenes sparsely tuberculate. Fl. and fr. May-Aug. less ↑

"Large glabrous stranglers, without aerial roots, up to a height of ca 20-25 m. Leaves in alternate helix, towards the tip of twigs, 10-25 x 5.8 cm, elliptic, acutely acuminate at apex, acumen 0.8-1 cm long, obtuse at base, dark green, glabrous, slightly coriaceous, entire, slightly undulating on the margin, 3 ribbed at the base, 8-10 pairs of lateral, slender, prominent nerves, middle ones at an angle of 60-800 to the midrib, brochidodromous, tertiaries percurrent, forked and convex; stipules short, blunt, villous and caducous; petiole 5-9 cm long, always longer than the width of lamina. Figs in cauliflorous clusters of 2-6, usually produced on short, perennial tubercles born on the older twigs well below the node, pedunculate, peduncle 0.5-1.0 cm, globose, 1.0-1.2 cm when ripe, green with pale spots in early stages, becoming creamy white to purple; basal bracts 3, triangular and deciduous; male flowers ostiolar, sessile, monandrous, with double anther sacs and perianth of 3 tepals fused at the base." less ↑

A fungus (/ˈfʌŋɡəs/; plural: fungi or funguses) is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds (British English: moulds), as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from plants, animals, protists and bacteria. One major difference is that fungal cells have cell walls that contain chitin, unlike the cell walls of plants and some protists, which contain... less ↑

Perennial, Trees, Woody throughout, Nodules present, Stems erect or ascending, Stems greater than 2 m tall, Stems solid, Stems or young twigs sparsely to densely hairy, Leaves alternate, Leaves petiolate, Extrafloral nectary glands on petiole, Stipules inconspicuous, absent, or caducous, Leaves compound, Leaves bipinnate, Leaf or leaflet margins entire, Leaflets opposite, Leaflets 10-many, Leaves glabrous or nearly so, Inflorescence panicles, Inflorescence terminal, Bracts very small, absent or caducous, Flowers actinomorphic or somewhat irregular, Calyx 5-lobed, Calyx hairy, Petals united, valvate, Petals ochroleucous, cream colored, Pet als greenish yellow, Stamens numerous, more than 10, Stamens completely free, separate, Stamens long exserted, Filaments glabrous, Style terete, Fruit a legume, Fruit unilocular, Fruit freely dehiscent, Fruit elongate, straight, Fruit oblong or ellipsoidal, Fruit exserted from calyx, Fruit glabrous or glabrate, Fruit hairy, Fruit 2-seeded, Fruit 3-10 seeded, Seed with elliptical line or depression, pleurogram, Seeds ovoid to rounded in outline, Seed surface smooth, Seeds olive, brown, or black. less ↑

Ficus benjamina, commonly known as the weeping fig, Benjamin's fig, or ficus tree and often sold in stores as just ficus, is a species of flowering plant in the family Moraceae, native to south and southeast Asia and Australia. It is the official tree of Bangkok. It is a tree reaching 30 metres (98 ft) tall in natural conditions, with gracefully drooping branchlets and glossy leaves 6–13 cm (2–5 in), oval with an acuminate tip. In its native range,... less ↑

The common fig (Ficus carica) is a species of flowering plant in the genus Ficus, from the family Moraceae, known as the common fig (or just the fig), anjeer (Iran, Pakistan), and dumur (Bengali). It is the source of the fruit also called the fig, and as such is an important crop in those areas where it is grown commercially. Native to the Middle East and western Asia, it has been sought out and cultivated by... less ↑

Shrubs. Branchlets with short bent bristles. Stipules red, linear-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, membranous, adaxially puberulent, apex acuminate. Petiole 1.5-3.5 cm, sparsely covered with short thick hairs; leaf blade narrowly ovate to obovate, 9-10 × 3-4 cm, glabrous or puberulent, base rounded, margin entire, apex acute; basal lateral veins extending to 1/2 of leaf blade length, secondary veins 3 or 4 on each side of midvein. Figs axillary on normal leafy stem, paired or solitary, globose, 5-7 mm in diam., subsessile to pedunculate. Male flowers: near apical pore, sessile or pedicellate; calyx lobes 3, obovate-elliptic; stamen 1 or 2; anthers ellipsoid. Gall flowers: calyx lobes 5; ovary smooth; style lateral, short. Female flowers: calyx lobes 3 or 4, ovate-lanceolate; ovary ovoid; style persistent, lateral; stigma linear. Achenes ovoid, rugose. Fl. and fr. May-Jul. less ↑

Small trees, evergreen; dioecious. Bark dark brown. Branchlets hispid. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 cm. Leaves alternate; petiole (0.7-)1.5-4 cm; hispid or hirsute; leaf blade obovate to oblong, 10-20 × 4-8 cm, papery, abaxially sparsely pubescent or yellow tuberculate, adaxially glabrous, base obliquely cuneate to rounded, margin entire or undulate, apex mucronate; basal lateral veins short, secondary veins 6-9 on each side of midvein. Figs on short ± conic branchlets on main branches, reddish orange when mature, ± globose, 1.5-2 × 1.5-2.2 cm, subglabrous, smooth, apical pore not open; peduncle (0.5-)0.8-2.4 cm. Male flowers: few, near apical pore, shortly pedicellate; calyx lobes 3 or 4; stamen 1; filament short. Gall flowers: pedicellate; calyx lobes very short or absent; ovary obovate, smooth; style ± lateral, thin; stigma enlarged. Female flowers: perianth tubular, enclosing base of pedicel; style persistent, long, clavate. Achenes obliquely cubic, with small tubercles. Fl. May-Jul. less ↑

Shrubs, scandent. Branchlets and petioles with scurfy hairs. Stipules lanceolate, small. Leaves alternate; petiole 5-15 cm; leaf blade elliptic to obovate, 8-15 × 3-6 cm, ± leathery, base slightly asymmetric, attenuated and decurrent on petiole, margin entire or undulate from middle to apex, apex acute to caudate with a 1-2 cm cauda; veins abaxially conspicuous; basal lateral veins not elongated, secondary veins 3 or 4 on each side of midvein. Figs axillary on normal leafy shoots, paired or solitary, ± globose, 8-10 mm in diam., with short thick hairs, base attenuate into a 5-10 mm stalk, apical pore navel-like, convex, sessile. Male flowers: near apical pore, subsessile; calyx lobes 4, linear; stamen 1; rudimentary ovary present. Gall flowers: shortly pedicellate; calyx lobes 3; ovary ± globose; style lateral, short, curved. Female flowers: calyx lobes deeply 3-lobed; style persistent, long; stigma funnelform. Achenes obliquely ovoid, coarse. Fl. Jan-Aug. less ↑

A large shrub or small tree, up to 10 (-15) m tall, all parts hispid, hairs pale brown to white. Trunk with lax branches, bark grey, smooth, flaky, young twigs hollow. Leaves opposite, with 105-405 (-10) cm long petiole with a gland near the node; lamina ovate-oblong to ovate-elliptic or ± obovate-oblong, (8-) 10-30 (-35) cm long, 2.5-20 (-25 cm broad, 35-costate at the cuneate to truncate-cordate base, crenate-serrate to ± entire, acute to shortly acuminate, scabrid on both sides, lateral nerves 5-9-pairs, intercostals curved-ascending; stipules lateral, ovate-lanceolate, 10-20 (-25) mm long, hairy beneath, caduceus; cystoliths present only on the lower side. Hypanthodia on 5-10 mm long peduncles, borne in paired clusters on leafless hanging or often trailing branchlets from the trunk or branches (cauliflorous), obovoid or turbinate, 10-15 mm in diameter, thinly hispid, subtended by 3, ± triangular, 1-1.5 mm long basal bracts, apical orifice closed by 5-6 bracts, longitudinally faintly 7-9-ribbed, with a few appressed lateral bracts, internal bristles absent. Male flowers: numerous in 1-2 whorls, ostiolar; sepals 3, concave; stamen single, fllament short. Gall flowers pedicellate or sessile in the male hypanthodium, with sepals enclosing the ovary. Female flowers: sessile or pedicellate, sepals united into a tube round the globose ovary; style subterminal, hairy. Figs depressed-globose to ± pyriform, 2-3 cm in diam., pale-green or greenish-yellow, brown pubescent. less ↑

Ficus benjamina, commonly known as the weeping fig, Benjamin's fig, or ficus tree and often sold in stores as just ficus, is a species of flowering plant in the family Moraceae, native to south and southeast Asia and Australia. It is the official tree of Bangkok. It is a tree reaching 30 metres (98 ft) tall in natural conditions, with gracefully drooping branchlets and glossy leaves 6–13 cm (2–5 in), oval with an acuminate tip. In its native range,... less ↑

Ficus pumila (creeping fig or climbing fig) is a species of flowering plant in the family Moraceae, native to East Asia. It is a woody evergreen vine, growing to 2.5–4 m (8 ft 2 in–13 ft 1 in). The juvenile foliage is much smaller and thinner than mature leaves produced as the plant ages. This plant requires the fig wasp Blastophaga pumilae for pollination, and is fed upon by larvae of the butterfly Marpesia petreus. less ↑

Ficus religiosa or sacred fig (Nepali: पीपल, pīpal; Punjabi: ਪਿੱਪਲ) is a species of fig native to Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, south-west China and Indochina. It belongs to the Moraceae, the fig or mulberry family. It is also known as the Bo-Tree (from the Sanskrit Bodhi: "wisdom", "enlightened", and as a Sinhalization of this the Sinhala Bo) or Peepal or Pippal (in India and Nepal). less ↑

Trees or shrublike trees; dioecious. Bark pale brown to yellowish brown, furrowed and scarred. Branchlets thick, cylindric. Stipules red, ovate-lanceolate, 2-3 cm, membranous. Leaves alternate; petiole 2-8 cm; leaf blade oblong, ovate-elliptic, or obovate, 15-26 × 10-14 cm, membranous, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, pubescent when young, apex acuminate, mucronate, or sometimes caudate; basal lateral veins 2-4 and short, secondary veins 6-12 on each side of midvein. Figs axillary on normal leafy shoots, solitary or paired, green to pale brown, depressed globose, with 8-12 longitudinal ridges, 1.2-2.5 cm in diam., with scattered white globose to ellipsoid tubercles and white small spots, apical pore open when mature; peduncle 6-13 mm; involucral bracts broadly ovate, margin revolute; lateral bracts absent. Male flowers: few, near apical pore; calyx lobes 2 or 3, basally connate; stamen 1; filament short; anther ellipsoid. Gall flowers: long pedicellate; calyx lobes short, transparent, apically with a few hairs; ovary ovoid to ± globose, smooth; style lateral to subapical, short; stigma enlarged. Female flowers: long pedicellate; calyx lobes apically with 2 or 3 teeth; style persistent, long, apex with transparent pubescence; stigma clavate. Achenes obliquely ovoid to ± globose. Fl. and fr. Apr-May. less ↑

Bole: Medium. To 30 m. Bark: NR. Slash: NR. Leaf: Simple. Alternate/spirals/opposite. Petiole: 0.5 - 3 cm. Lamina: Medium. 2.5 - 10 × 1 - 4.5 cm. Oblong/elliptic/obovate. Cuneate. Acuminate/obtuse/emarginate. Entire. Glabrous. Domatia: Absent. Glands: Absent. Stipules: 0.2 - 1.0 cm long. Falling. Thorns & Spines: Absent. Flower: Paired axillary syconia. Fruit: Fig red/orange/yellow to brown. Globose/ellipsoid. 1.5 - 2 cm in diameter. less ↑

Trees, 10-15 m tall, d.b.h. 10-15 cm. Bark gray, smooth. Branchlets grayish brown, smooth. Stipules ovate, ca. 6 mm. Petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, simple or irregularly lobed, 4-11 × 2-4 cm, leathery, abaxially pale green but yellowish to grayish green when dry, adaxially dark green and shiny, base cuneate, apex obtuse to acuminate; secondary veins 10-12 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins prominent on both surfaces. Figs yellow to yellowish red when mature, globose, 7-10 mm in diam., obscurely longitudinally ridged when dry, base attenuate into a short stalk; peduncle 0.7-0.8 cm; involucral bracts caducous. Male, gall, and female flowers within same fig. Male flowers: few, near apical pore, shortly pedicellate; calyx deeply 3- or 4-lobed; stamen (1 or)2 (or 3), if stamen 1 then basal rudimentary pistil present. Gall and female flowers: many, sessile or pedicellate; calyx deeply 3- or 4-lobed; ovary obovoid; style smooth; stigma 2-branched. Achenes smooth, usually with 1 row of small apical tubercles. Fl. and fr. May-Jul. less ↑

Ficus virens is a plant of the genus Ficus found in India, southeast Asia, through Malaysia and into Northern Australia. Its common name is White Fig; it is locally known as pilkhan and in the Gun-djeihmi language it is called an-borndi. Like many figs, its fruits are edible. One of the most famous specimens of this tree is the Curtain Fig Tree of the Atherton Tableland, near Cairns, a popular tourist attraction. less ↑

The Tembusu (Fagraea fragrans) is a large evergreen tree in the family Gentianaceae. It is native to South-east Asia. Its trunk is dark brown, with deeply fissured bark, looking somewhat like a bittergourd. It grows in an irregular shape from 10 to 25m high. Its leaves are light green and oval in shape. Its yellowish flowers have a distinct fragrance and the fruits of the tree are bitter tasting red berries, which are eaten by birds... less ↑

Fallopia japonica, commonly known as Japanese knotweed, is a large, herbaceous perennial plant of the family Polygonaceae, native to Eastern Asia in Japan, China and Korea. In North America and Europe the species is very successful and has been classified as an invasive species in several countries. Japanese knotweed has hollow stems with distinct raised nodes that give it the appearance of bamboo, though it is not closely related. While stems may reach a maximum height... less ↑

Bole: Small/medium. To 30 m. Bark: Dark brown. Rough. Flaking in scales. Also described as white and smooth. Slash: Pink/orange. Wood white. Leaf: Even-pinnate. 5 - 10 pairs leaflets. Petiole: 1.5 - 11 cm; winged. Rachis 15 - 30 cm; winged. Leaflets sessile. Lamina: Small. 5 - 16 × 0.5 - 4 cm. Lanceolate/oblong-elliptic. Sessile. Acute. Entire. Glabrous. Domatia: NR. Glands: Leaflets with wax dots. Stipules: Absent. Thorns & Spines: Absent. Flower: Infloresence axillary panicles 6 - 20 cm long. Flower small; yellow. Male and female in the same infloresence. Fruit: Ellipsoid 0.9 - 1 × 0.6 - 0.8 cm. less ↑

Fuchsia /ˈfjuːʃə/ is a genus of flowering plants that consists mostly of shrubs or small trees. The first, Fuchsia triphylla, was discovered on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (present day Dominican Republic and Haiti) in about 1696–1697 by the French Minim monk and botanist, Charles Plumier during his third expedition to the Greater Antilles. He named the new genus after the renowned German botanist Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566). less ↑

Fittonia albivenis is a species of flowering plant in the family Acanthaceae, native to the rainforests of Columbia, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and northern Brazil. It is notable for its dark green foliage with strongly contrasting white or red veins. It is commonly called nerve plant or mosaic plant. In temperate regions where the temperature falls below 10 °C (50 °F) it must be grown as a houseplant. less ↑

Flacourtia is a genus of flowering plants in the willow family, Salicaceae. It was previously placed in the now defunct family Flacourtiaceae. The generic name honors Étienne de Flacourt (1607–1660), a governor of Madagascar. It contains 15 species of shrubs and small trees that are native to the African and Asian tropics and subtropics. Several species, especially F. indica, are cultivated as ornamentals and for their fruits. The trunks of small trees are often guarded by... less ↑

Trees, 5-15 m tall; bark gray-brown, not flaky; when young with simple or branched thorns to 10 cm on trunk and branches (thornless in cultivated forms); branchlets terete, glabrous to densely pubescent when young. Petiole 4-8 mm, glabrous or pubescent, hairs spreading; young leaves flaccid, drooping, rose-red to brown; mature leaves ovate-oblong, elliptic-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, 6-16 × 4-7 cm, subleathery, both surfaces glabrous or minutely puberulous, in older leaves hairs mostly confined to midveins and lateral veins, midvein raised and sometimes prominent abaxially, impressed adaxially, lateral veins 5-11 pairs, base obtuse to rounded, less often acute, margin serrulate, serrate, or dentate, teeth obtuse, apex gradually to abruptly acuminate, acumen 0.5-2 cm, tip obtuse. Inflorescences axillary, racemose, 0.5-1 cm, puberulous; bracts ovate, ca. 1 mm, pubescent. Pedicels 3-4 mm, puberulous to pubescent, hairs ± appressed, short. Flowers yellowish green, scentless. Sepals (3 or)4 or 5(or 6), ovate, 1-1.5 mm, both surfaces pubescent, outside sparsely pubescent, inside more densely so, margin ciliate, apex acute or obtuse. Staminate flowers: stamen filaments 3-4 mm, glabrous; disk orange-red to yellowish. Pistillate flowers: ovary bottle-shaped; placentas 4-6(-8); styles 4-6(-8), free, divergent, 0.7-1.5 mm; stigmas recurved, slightly dilated, reniform; staminodes (reduced stamens) or developed stamens (?functional) occasionally present. Fruit light green, pink, purplish, or dark red, globose, 2-2.5 cm in diam., 4-7-angled in dried state, persistent styles well-spaced, set in a circle at fruit apex. Seeds ca. 12. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jun-Oct. less ↑

Fimbristylis is a genus of sedges. A plant in this genus may be known commonly as a fimbry, fimbristyle, or fringe-rush. There are 200 to 300 species distributed worldwide. Several continents have native species but many have been introduced to regions where they are not native. Many are considered weeds. These are typical sedges in appearance, with stiff, ridged stems and cone-shaped terminal panicles of spikelets. They are found in wet environments, and are most diverse... less ↑

Plants perennial, cespitose, (5–)10–60 cm, bases hard, glabrous; rhizomes absent. Leaves polystichous, mostly spreading-excurved, to 1/2 as long as culms; sheaths usually entire; ligule absent; blades linear, 2–3 mm wide, flat or shallowly involute, margin scabrid, apex blunt. Inflorescences: simple or compound anthelae with numerous small pedunculate clusters of sessile spikelets; scapes linear, distally terete, 1–2 mm thick; involucral bracts short, usually shorter than inflorescence. Spikelets greenish brown or yellow-brown, ovoid, 2–3 mm; fertile scales broadly ovate, 1–1.5 mm, obtuse or apically notched, midrib not excurrent. Flowers: stamens usually 1; styles 2-fid, slender, glabrous. Achenes dark brown to nearly black, tumidly obovoid, rarely obscurely 3-ribbed, 1 mm, faintly striate to variously warty, faintly reticulate. 2n = 56. less ↑

Fimbristylis dichotoma is found in temperate to tropical regions worldwide. It is one of the most widespread and weedy species of Fimbristylis, unquestionably with many races and forms. The two commonest forms in the United States often occur in mixed populations, one sort with inflorescence branches more ascending, inflorescence dense, habit lower, and leaves broader; the other sort usually taller, inflorescence more sparse, branches more widely spreading, and leaves more ascending and narrower. The abundance of such plants both in regions where rice originated and in regions where rice is, or was, introduced, indicates an Asian origin for such weeds. less ↑

Fuirena ciliaris is a tufted grass-like or herbaceous plat that reaches up to 37 cm long with a short rhizome. Culms are 1-2 mm diameter, obtusely trigonous, grooved, and pubescent. Leaf blades are flat, pubescent; the lower ones are short or reduced; while the upper can reach up to 13 cm, and much wider than the culm. Leaf sheaths are pubescent, green, and then become yellowish. The inflorescence is composed of 2-3 partial inflorescences, each is 0.8-1.2 x 1.2-2 cm with 3-12 ovoid to cylindrical, blackish spikelets that reach up to 1.2 x 0.3 cm, each with up to 100 or more spirally arranged glumes. The fruit is an ovoid to obovoid, trigonous, smooth, yellowish nutlet. less ↑