Marine Algae of Cape Cod, Massachusetts and Adjacent Islands

Depth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 5

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 5
 
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 Ulva linza is a large, ribbon-like species of green seaweed that may reach up to 30 cm in length. The thalli are unbranched and often have a frilled margin. The thalli taper into a distinct stipe below and are highly compressed. The width of the thallus is greater in the middle than at the base and may reach 5 cm in width. Ulva linza is bright light to dark green in colouration. less ↑

Depth range based on 10 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 6.4
  Temperature range (°C): 11.855 - 11.855
  Nitrate (umol/L): 6.151 - 6.151
  Salinity (PPS): 35.184 - 35.184
  Oxygen (ml/l): 6.128 - 6.128
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.418 - 0.418
  Silicate (umol/l): 3.285 - 3.285

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 6.4
 
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Depth range based on 4 specimens in 1 taxon.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 21.94

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 21.94
 
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Fucus vesiculosus, known by the common name bladder wrack or bladderwrack, is a seaweed found on the coasts of the North Sea, the western Baltic Sea, and the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, also known by the common names black tang, rockweed, bladder fucus, sea oak, black tany, cut weed, dyers fucus, red fucus, and rock wrack. It was the original source of iodine, discovered in 1811, and was used extensively to treat goitre, a swelling of... less ↑

Depth range based on 32 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 11 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 5 - 76.8
  Temperature range (°C): 23.278 - 26.525
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.732 - 2.380
  Salinity (PPS): 35.095 - 35.493
  Oxygen (ml/l): 4.230 - 4.703
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.121 - 0.308
  Silicate (umol/l): 0.869 - 1.453

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 5 - 76.8

Temperature range (°C): 23.278 - 26.525

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.732 - 2.380

Salinity (PPS): 35.095 - 35.493

Oxygen (ml/l): 4.230 - 4.703

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.121 - 0.308

Silicate (umol/l): 0.869 - 1.453
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

Depth range based on 108 specimens in 5 taxa.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 15 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 37
  Temperature range (°C): 11.845 - 27.421
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.086 - 5.063
  Salinity (PPS): 34.929 - 37.169
  Oxygen (ml/l): 4.657 - 6.138
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.077 - 0.336
  Silicate (umol/l): 1.514 - 2.517

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 37

Temperature range (°C): 11.845 - 27.421

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.086 - 5.063

Salinity (PPS): 34.929 - 37.169

Oxygen (ml/l): 4.657 - 6.138

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.077 - 0.336

Silicate (umol/l): 1.514 - 2.517
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

Depth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 6.8

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 6.8
 
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Gracilaria tikvahiae is a highly opportunistic species common in estuaries and bays, especially where nutrient loading leads to either seasonal or year-round eutrophication (Peckol and Rivers 1995a, 1995b). Its morphology is highly variable, with colors ranging from dark green to shades of red and brown; with outer branches that can be either somewhat flattened or cylindrical in shape (Littler and Littler 1989). It can be found in protected, quiescent bays, as well as in high energy coastline habitats. This species grows free or attached to rocks or other substrata, and can reach a height of 30 cm (Littler and Littler 1989). G. tikvahiae grows to depths of approximately 10 m, but is most common at depths less than 1 m. less ↑

Depth range based on 30 specimens in 1 taxon.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 4.34 - 27.43

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 4.34 - 27.43
 
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Depth range based on 145 specimens in 1 taxon.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 155.46

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 155.46
 
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Depth range based on 5 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 3
  Temperature range (°C): 3.246 - 3.246
  Nitrate (umol/L): 3.246 - 3.246
  Salinity (PPS): 34.607 - 34.607
  Oxygen (ml/l): 7.489 - 7.489
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.380 - 0.380
  Silicate (umol/l): 3.088 - 3.088

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 3
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

Depth range based on 107 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 12 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 23
  Temperature range (°C): 11.471 - 26.692
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.923 - 5.063
  Salinity (PPS): 35.037 - 35.211
  Oxygen (ml/l): 4.685 - 6.200
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.122 - 0.421
  Silicate (umol/l): 0.983 - 2.448

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 23

Temperature range (°C): 11.471 - 26.692

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.923 - 5.063

Salinity (PPS): 35.037 - 35.211

Oxygen (ml/l): 4.685 - 6.200

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.122 - 0.421

Silicate (umol/l): 0.983 - 2.448
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

Depth range based on 6 specimens in 2 taxa.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 8

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 8
 
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Depth range based on 20 specimens in 5 taxa.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 82
  Temperature range (°C): 22.204 - 24.821
  Nitrate (umol/L): 1.216 - 2.331
  Salinity (PPS): 36.438 - 36.667
  Oxygen (ml/l): 4.848 - 4.849
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.191 - 0.283
  Silicate (umol/l): 2.381 - 2.691

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 82

Temperature range (°C): 22.204 - 24.821

Nitrate (umol/L): 1.216 - 2.331

Salinity (PPS): 36.438 - 36.667

Oxygen (ml/l): 4.848 - 4.849

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.191 - 0.283

Silicate (umol/l): 2.381 - 2.691
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

Depth range based on 51 specimens in 1 taxon.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 21.94

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 21.94
 
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 A small reddish-brown filamentous alga most commonly associated with the fucoid alga Ascophyllum nodosum. The filaments are made up of a ring of 12 -24 elongated cells or siphons surrounding a central siphon. The plant is found wherever the host is common. Polysiphonia lanosa has occasionally been recorded as an epiphyte on Fucus serratus and Fucus vesiculosus and, more rarely, on rocky substrata. less ↑

Depth range based on 141 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 27.43
  Temperature range (°C): 11.845 - 11.845
  Nitrate (umol/L): 5.063 - 5.063
  Salinity (PPS): 35.203 - 35.203
  Oxygen (ml/l): 6.138 - 6.138
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.336 - 0.336
  Silicate (umol/l): 2.448 - 2.448

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 27.43
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

Depth range based on 110 specimens in 1 taxon.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 27.43

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 27.43
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

Depth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 46.3 - 106
  Temperature range (°C): 22.765 - 23.542
  Nitrate (umol/L): 1.734 - 1.918
  Salinity (PPS): 36.583 - 36.727
  Oxygen (ml/l): 4.795 - 4.843
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.218 - 0.228
  Silicate (umol/l): 1.785 - 2.779

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 46.3 - 106

Temperature range (°C): 22.765 - 23.542

Nitrate (umol/L): 1.734 - 1.918

Salinity (PPS): 36.583 - 36.727

Oxygen (ml/l): 4.795 - 4.843

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.218 - 0.228

Silicate (umol/l): 1.785 - 2.779
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

Depth range based on 34 specimens in 1 taxon.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 2 - 24.69

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 2 - 24.69
 
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 Short cylindrical stipe (exceptionally up to 75 cm) continuing as a distinct midrib throughout the length of the narrow, ribbon-like, slightly wavy blade. Attached to substrate by claw-like holdfast termed haptera. The blade is yellowish, olive-green or rich brown in colour, supple to the touch and very flexible. Blade length varies seasonally but is usually between 30 cm - 1.5 m (exceptionally 4 m) in length. Blade may be tattered and torn by wave action sometimes leaving only the midrib at which point it may be confused with Chorda filum. Older plants may have flat, finger-like sporophylls, each up to 10 cm in length, growing from the stipe at the base of the blade. The sporophylls bear reproductive bodies called sori. When fertile the sori form a typical H-shaped figure on the sporophylls.Other common names include wing kelp, honeyware, edible fucus, and bladder locks in England; dabberlocks and keys in Scotland; and murlins, ribini, and Cupog nag Cloc in Ireland (Guiry 2000). The species name Alaria esculenta literally means 'edible wings'. This species was originally described as Fucus esculentus Linnaeus, 1767. The class Phaeophyceae may alternatively be classified in the Phylum Heterokontophyta ( Hoek van den et al. 1995).

 Alaria (Phaeophyceae, Alariaceae) is a common genus of kelps in the northern hemisphere. Fourteen species are currently recognised of which three (Alaria esculenta (L.) Greville, Alaria pylaii (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Greville, and Alaria grandifolia J. Agardh) are reported for the cold -temperate North Atlantic Ocean. Alaria esculenta, the type species described originally from the North Atlantic, exhibits a range of biogeographically correlated morphotypes suggesting the possibility of multiple specific or intraspecific entities or hybrids (Kraan pers. comm.; Kraan & Guiry 2000 in press). A key to the species of the genus Alaria is given by Widdowson (1971). less ↑

Depth range based on 45 specimens in 1 taxon.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 46.6067

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 46.6067
 
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 A common large brown seaweed, dominant on sheltered rocky shores. The species has long strap like fronds with large egg-shaped air bladders at regular intervals. The fronds of Ascophyllum nodosum are typically between 0.5 and 2m in length. The species often bears tufts of the small reddish-brown filamentous epiphytic algae Polysiphonia lanosa. Ascophyllum nodosum occurs on the middle of the shore, often with Fucus vesiculosus. The species grows slowly and plants can live to be several decades old. Individual fronds can become up to 15 years old before breakage.Detached forms of Ascophyllum nodosum are known from several habitats. Ascophyllum nodosum var. mackaii is found on very sheltered shores, in sea lochs and is sometimes common on the west coasts of Ireland and Scotland. The frond has extensive dichotomous branching and bears few air bladders. The plants drift in large, spherical masses in sheltered waters. Ascophyllum nodosum var. scorpioides, which is abundant in New Hampshire (U.S.A.), is often associated with the marsh grass Spartina alterniflora. According to Gibb (1957) the major difference between the ecads mackaii and scorpioides is the proportion of apical to lateral branching. If branching is both 'apical and lateral' the algae would be designated as mackaii while if it is 'almost entirely lateral' it would be designated as scorpioides. Unattached forms arise when detached fragments of Ascophyllum nodosum are deposited onto the shore where they continue to multiply and branch independently of the original fragment (Chock & Mathieson, 1976).

 Chock & Mathieson (1979) demonstrated the physiological responses of Ascophyllum nodosum and its detached ecad scorpioides were similar under varying conditions of light intensity, temperature and salinity. Ascophyllum nodosum var. mackaii:
The presence of the ecad in any particular situation depends on the combination of a number of conditions applying at a tide level between high and low water neaps:

 
• frequent alternation of high and low salinities so a supply of freshwater is of primary importance;
 
• good shelter from wave action because of the unattached state of the ecad;
 
• absence of fast moving water, whether caused by freshwater streams or tidal conditions;
 
• flat, undulating or slightly sloping shore profile where stability is high, and
 
• substratum type, the porosity of which affects the conditions of salinity and also influences, to some extent, the development of the ecad.

 Very sheltered conditions are often found at loch heads on the west coast of Scotland and in these situations the ecad is sometimes present in great abundance. Sheltered or land-locked bays or situations in the lee of small islands are other favourable positions (Gibb, 1957). less ↑

Gametangial phase much branched, to 20 cms in length. Branches spirally in pairs of unequal length. Some branches form reflexed hooks by which it attaches itself to other algae.

 The tetrasporangial phase Trailliella is monosiphonous, irregularly branched and although only a few cms long is readily identified by the small colourless cell at the upper end, and set to the side, of each cell. less ↑

 Bryopsis plumosa is a large, feathery species of green seaweed. The thalli are erect, feather-like and may reach up to 15 cm in height. It is easily recognised by its delicate branches. All branches are regularly arranged in two rows on opposite sides of the central filament. The lengths of the branches decrease gradually from the base of the plant. It is usually dark to mid-green in colour. less ↑

Depth range based on 14 specimens in 1 taxon.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 7.31

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 7.31
 
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Depth range based on 36 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 24.69
  Temperature range (°C): 11.845 - 12.348
  Nitrate (umol/L): 4.729 - 5.063
  Salinity (PPS): 35.203 - 35.363
  Oxygen (ml/l): 6.138 - 6.151
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.336 - 0.351
  Silicate (umol/l): 2.448 - 2.578

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 24.69

Temperature range (°C): 11.845 - 12.348

Nitrate (umol/L): 4.729 - 5.063

Salinity (PPS): 35.203 - 35.363

Oxygen (ml/l): 6.138 - 6.151

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.336 - 0.351

Silicate (umol/l): 2.448 - 2.578
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

Depth range based on 7 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 4 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 15
  Temperature range (°C): 11.721 - 17.140
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.211 - 7.121
  Salinity (PPS): 35.333 - 37.926
  Oxygen (ml/l): 5.513 - 6.151
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.131 - 0.439
  Silicate (umol/l): 1.247 - 2.742

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 15

Temperature range (°C): 11.721 - 17.140

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.211 - 7.121

Salinity (PPS): 35.333 - 37.926

Oxygen (ml/l): 5.513 - 6.151

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.131 - 0.439

Silicate (umol/l): 1.247 - 2.742
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

Depth range based on 40 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 4 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 18.29
  Temperature range (°C): 11.855 - 12.348
  Nitrate (umol/L): 4.729 - 6.151
  Salinity (PPS): 35.184 - 35.363
  Oxygen (ml/l): 6.128 - 6.174
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.351 - 0.418
  Silicate (umol/l): 2.578 - 3.285

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 18.29

Temperature range (°C): 11.855 - 12.348

Nitrate (umol/L): 4.729 - 6.151

Salinity (PPS): 35.184 - 35.363

Oxygen (ml/l): 6.128 - 6.174

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.351 - 0.418

Silicate (umol/l): 2.578 - 3.285
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

 Chondrus crispus is a small purplish-red seaweed (up to 22 cm long) found on rocky shores and in pools. The fronds grow dichotomously from a narrow, unbranched stipe and are flat and wide with rounded tips. This seaweed is highly variable in appearance depending on the level of wave exposure of the shore and has a tendency to turn green in strong sunlight. Underwater, the tips of the frond can be iridescent.Also known as Irish moss. Together with Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus is harvested commercially as carrageen to be used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. May be confused with Mastocarpus stellatus, although the latter species has a rounded stipe, channeled fronds and papillate reproductive bodies. less ↑

Depth range based on 6 specimens in 2 taxa.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 14.63

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 14.63
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

Depth range based on 24 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 1 - 26.97
  Temperature range (°C): 3.247 - 11.244
  Nitrate (umol/L): 3.445 - 4.909
  Salinity (PPS): 34.649 - 35.218
  Oxygen (ml/l): 6.204 - 7.478
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.398 - 0.452
  Silicate (umol/l): 2.311 - 3.064

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 1 - 26.97

Temperature range (°C): 3.247 - 11.244

Nitrate (umol/L): 3.445 - 4.909

Salinity (PPS): 34.649 - 35.218

Oxygen (ml/l): 6.204 - 7.478

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.398 - 0.452

Silicate (umol/l): 2.311 - 3.064
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

 Codium fragile fragile is a dark green seaweed composed of erect, dichotomously branched fronds. These may be up to 1 m in length. The branches are round in cross section but may be flattened beneath dichotomies of branches. The branches are soft with a velvety texture. The fronds usually arise from a spongy disc-shaped holdfast. The subspecies of Codium fragile found in Britain are only distinguishable microscopically.This alien species originated in the Pacific Ocean around Japan. It was introduced from mainland Europe to the River Yealm in Devon in 1939. It has been found to displace native species of Codium tomentosum.

There is extreme difficulty in distinguishing subspecies from each other. When viewed in section under a microscope, the utricles are shorter and stouter in the tomentosoides subspecies than in the Codium fragile subspecies atlanticum. Work by Provan et al. (2005) identified the species initially by the presence of numerous pointed spines on the surface of the alga, and by subsequent DNA sequencing. This non-native species is known to occur in a number of marine Special Areas of Conservation (mSACs), in the UK e.g. Pembrokeshire. The impacts or rate of dispersal are not known due to earlier morphological confusion with native species. less ↑

Depth range based on 182 specimens in 2 taxa.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 5 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 32
  Temperature range (°C): 11.471 - 12.348
  Nitrate (umol/L): 4.729 - 5.063
  Salinity (PPS): 35.203 - 35.363
  Oxygen (ml/l): 6.138 - 6.200
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.336 - 0.421
  Silicate (umol/l): 2.315 - 2.578

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 32

Temperature range (°C): 11.471 - 12.348

Nitrate (umol/L): 4.729 - 5.063

Salinity (PPS): 35.203 - 35.363

Oxygen (ml/l): 6.138 - 6.200

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.336 - 0.421

Silicate (umol/l): 2.315 - 2.578
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

Depth range based on 38 specimens in 1 taxon.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 24.69

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 24.69
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

Depth range based on 240 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 12 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 32.3
  Temperature range (°C): 11.646 - 12.348
  Nitrate (umol/L): 4.729 - 6.816
  Salinity (PPS): 35.008 - 35.363
  Oxygen (ml/l): 6.095 - 6.346
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.335 - 0.425
  Silicate (umol/l): 2.448 - 3.727

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 32.3

Temperature range (°C): 11.646 - 12.348

Nitrate (umol/L): 4.729 - 6.816

Salinity (PPS): 35.008 - 35.363

Oxygen (ml/l): 6.095 - 6.346

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.335 - 0.425

Silicate (umol/l): 2.448 - 3.727
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

Desmarestia viridis is a species of brown algae found worldwide. Its common names include stringy acid kelp, green acid kelp, sea sorrel and Desmarest's green weed. The light brown thallus is delicate with a disc-shaped holdfast. It releases sulfuric acid when damaged, destroying itself and nearby seaweeds in the process. They are found in shallow intertidal areas. less ↑

You don't expect seaweeds to flourish in the winter, but Dumontia contorta does. That is, it germinates in the autumn on stones and develops long thin fronds in late winter and early spring. It slowly perishes by the end of May. The only evidence you find of this seaweed in the summer is its base (the holdfast), attached to rocks. It is relatively common in tidal pools in the Wadden Sea and delta region. Its name contorta is related to the fact that the fronds are often twisted (contorted). less ↑

Depth range based on 9 specimens in 1 taxon.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 14.63

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 14.63
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑

Depth range based on 25 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 28.8
  Temperature range (°C): 26.525 - 26.626
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.565 - 0.732
  Salinity (PPS): 35.083 - 35.095
  Oxygen (ml/l): 4.572 - 4.657
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.120 - 0.121
  Silicate (umol/l): 0.869 - 1.019

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 28.8

Temperature range (°C): 26.525 - 26.626

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.565 - 0.732

Salinity (PPS): 35.083 - 35.095

Oxygen (ml/l): 4.572 - 4.657

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.120 - 0.121

Silicate (umol/l): 0.869 - 1.019
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this note. Your feedback is most welcome. less ↑