Diptera (flies) of the British Indian Ocean Territory

Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that can spread dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika fever, Mayaro and yellow fever viruses, and other disease agents. The mosquito can be recognized by white markings on its legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the upper surface of its thorax. This mosquito originated in Africa, but is now found in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions throughout the world. less ↑

Aedes albopictus (Stegomyia albopicta), from the mosquito (Culicidae) family, also known as (Asian) tiger mosquito or forest mosquito, is a mosquito native to the tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia; however, in the past few decades, this species has spread to many countries through the transport of goods and international travel. It is characterized by its black-and-white-striped legs, and small black-and-white-striped body. less ↑

Chironomus is a genus of nonbiting midges in the subfamily Chironominae of the bloodworm family, Chironomidae, containing several cryptic species that can only be distinguished by experts based on the characteristics of their giant chromosomes. The larvae of several species inhabit the profundal zone where they can reach relatively high densities. They use of combination of hemoglobin-like proteins and undulatory movements in their burrows to obtain oxygen in poorly oxygenated habit less ↑

Chrysomya megacephala, more commonly known as the oriental latrine fly, is a member of the family Calliphoridae (blowflies). It is a warm-weather fly with a greenish-blue metallic box-like body. The fly infests corpses soon after death, making it important to forensic science. This fly is implicated in some public health issues; it can cause accidental myiasis, and also infects fish and livestock. less ↑

Chrysotus longipalpus is a species of fly in the family Dolichopodidae. It is distributed worldwide, though it is an introduced species in much of its range. It is associated with greenhouses. less ↑

Drain flies, sink flies, filter flies, or sewer gnats (Psychodidae) are small true flies (Diptera) with short, hairy bodies and wings giving them a "furry" moth-like appearance, hence one of their common names, moth flies. There are more than 4,700 known species worldwide, most of them native to the humid tropics. This makes them one of the most diverse families of their order. Drain flies sometimes inhabit plumbing drains and sewage systems, where they a less ↑

Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (originally named Culex fatigans), commonly known as the southern house mosquito, is a medium-sized mosquito found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is the vector of Wuchereria bancrofti, avian malaria, and arboviruses including St. Louis encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Zika virus and West Nile virus. It is taxonomically regarded as a member of the Culex pipiens species comp less ↑

Dasyhelea is a genus of biting midges and the only genus of its subfamily, the Dasyheleinae. Larvae of species in this genus are characterized by an anal segment with retractile posterior prolegs. Larvae are aquatic and adults do not feed on vertebrate blood, nor do they prey on other insects. They take nectar only, an unusual feeding behavior within the Ceratopogonidae. less ↑

Drosophila (/drəˈsɒfɪlə, drɒ-, droʊ-/) is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit. They should not be confused with the Tephritidae, a related family, which are also called fruit flies (sometimes referred to as "true fruit flies"); tephritids feed primarily on less ↑

Hecamede (Hecamede) inermis Malloch

Hecamede inermis Malloch, 1933:12.—Cresson, 1948:23 [note].

Hecamede granifera.—Of authors [misidentification].—Mathis, 1989a:641 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog]: 1989b:8 [list of Diptera from the Pitcairn Group].

DESCRIPTION.—Small to medium-sized shore flies, length 1.30 to 3.00 mm.

Head: Fronto-orbits narrow, gray, or indistinct, with similar coloration as mesofrons; ocellar triangle densely microtomentose, mostly tan, occasionally mostly gray; mesofrons less densely microtomentose than ocellar triangle, coloration darker posteriorly with some mostly brown to black coloration, becoming yellowish orange to reddish orange anteriorly; proclinate fronto-orbital setae 1, inserted anterolaterad of reclinate seta. Antenna usually mostly yellow; flagellomere 1 usually darker, sometimes extensively so, especially dorsobasally near insertion of arista; arista with 4 dorsal branches. Face mostly whitish gray, frequently with some yellowish coloration, especially at sutures; facial setae 3 or 4, arising from bare, slightly elevated spots within densely microtomentose face; facial prominence bare, not much larger than shiny area at base of facial setae; gena mostly concolorous with face, bearing 1 larger seta and a few other black setae, these scattered; gena high, eye-to-cheek ratio averaging 0.50. Clypeus black, densely invested with gray microtomentum.

Thorax: Mesonotum usually mostly light to moderately brown, frequently with some faint mostly red or golden coloration, sometimes mostly gray, nearly always darker than pleural areas, if dark, becoming grayer, whitish to silvery gray, especially ventrad through notopleuron and dorsal half of anepisternum; presutural seta and usually prescutellar acrostichal setae well developed, some specimens with indistinct prescutellar setae; posterior notopleural seta inserted distinctly above level of anterior seta; pleural sclerites mostly gray to whitish gray, dorsal portion of anepisternum sometimes faintly to conspicuously tan; anepisternal setulae mostly on dorsal , occupying an area that is more or less triangular, with a line of setulae to ventral portion of pleuron where several more setulae are inserted. Coxae and trochanters lightly blackish gray to gray; middle and hind femora gray anteriorly, posterior surface blackish; fore femur lacking a row of setae along anteroventral margin, anterior surface mostly blackish, mostly gray posteriorly; tibiae mostly yellow, lightly invested with whitish gray microtomentum; fore basitarsus lacking black setae toward base of posteroventral surface; apical tarsomeres usually yellow, occasionally with apical tarsomere lightly brown. Wing with costal vein ratio averaging 0.35; M vein ratio averaging 0.60; last section of vein M shallowly arched posteriorly.

Abdomen: Male terminalia (Figures 34–36) as follows: 5th tergum with anterior to more lightly sclerotized and bearing numerous, evenly scattered spicules, from dorsal view with anterior margin broadly bifid, posterior to a sclerotized band bearing 8 to 11 setae along posterolateral margin, with 2 globular apodemes anterobasally; epandrium (Figure 34) a dorsal band, gradually enlarged posteriorly; surstylus (Figures 34, 35) in lateral view long and narrow, posterior margin more or less straight, anterior margin sinuous, anteroapical margin curved, apex bearing approximately 6–7 moderately longer, sharply pointed setulae; cercus (Figure 34) long and narrow, length extended nearly to apex of surstylus, bearing a conspicuously longer seta at posteroventral margin; gonite (Figure 36) roughly triangular in shape, with a narrow connection above aedeagus, ventral angle as a narrowed, short, parallel-sided, blunt process; aedeagal apodeme (Figure 36) allantoid in lateral view, slightly broader toward attachment with hypandrium; aedeagus (Figure 36) long and narrow, tapered gradually to apex, shaped like a pipe, with right angle curve at basal to ; hypandrium slightly emarginate anteriorly.

TYPE MATERIAL.—The holotype male of Hecamede inermis is labeled “Tahauku, HivaOa VII-10-[19]29 X[crossing out a letter]/sea shore/Marquesas Islands/Mumford & Adamson/Pacific Entomological Survey/Hecamede inermis 1226 [number in red ink] Type det. JRMALLOCH [species name and number handwritten, black submargin].” The holotype is pointed, is in good condition, and is deposited in the BBM.

OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Australasian/Oceanian: MARQUESAS. Hiva Oa: Tahauku, 10 Dec 1929, E.P. Mumford, A.M. Adamson (2, paratypes; BBM, USNM). Nuku Hiva: Taiohae, 9–15 Jun 1987, W.N. Mathis (1, 3; USNM).

PITCAIRN GROUP. Henderson Island: Northwest Beach, 12–20 May 1987, W.N. Mathis (88, 11; USNM); North Beach, 17–20 May 1987, W.N. Mathis (56, 10; USNM). Oeno Atoll, 28 May 1987, W.N. Mathis (34, 9; USNM). Pitcairn Island: Adamstown, 22–26 May 1987, W.N. Mathis (7, 3; USNM); Down Rope, 25 May 1987, W.N. Mathis (9, 6; USNM).

WAKE ISLAND. 8 Jan 1923, E.H. Bryan, Jr. (1, 1; ANSP).

DISTRIBUTION (Figure 37).—Australasian/Oceanian: South Pacific from Wake Island and the Marquesas south to the Pitcairn Group (Henderson, Pitcairn, and Oeno islands).

NATURAL HISTORY.—On islands of the Pitcairn Group, this species was abundant on the beach, especially where debris had accumulated at the high tide mark (Mathis, 1989b). Adults were also attracted in large numbers to specimens of corals and study skins of birds that had been set out to dry on exposed rocks.

DIAGNOSIS.—This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: proclinate fronto-orbital seta 1, inserted anterolaterad of reclinate seta; gena with 1 larger seta and several smaller black setae; fore femur lacking a distinct row of setae along anteroventral margin; fore basitarsus lacking black setae at base of posteroventral surface; mesonotum golden brown to brown; 5th tergum of male appearing hirsute, invested with numerous, long, microtrichia; and the structure of the male terminalia (Figures 34–36), especially the shape of the surstylus and its setulae.

NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE.—Previously (Mathis, 1989b:8), I commented that “The genus Hecamede needs revision before many of the available names can be validly applied. For the present, I am using H. granifera for this species in accordance with the recent catalog of Australasian and Oceanian Diptera (Mathis, 1989a). A junior synonym, H. inermis Malloch, was used previously for the common species of Hecamede that occurs in the South Pacific.” less ↑

The species Lucilia cuprina, formerly named Phaenicia cuprina, is more commonly known as the Australian sheep blowfly. It belongs to the blow-fly family Calliphoridae, and while some authorities combine the blow flies (Calliphoridae) and the flesh flies (Sarcophagidae) together into the Metopiidae family, distinguishable characteristics allow for the separation. Lucilia cuprina is a member of the order Diptera, has a pair of short but very strong membranous wing less ↑

The housefly (Musca domestica) is a fly of the suborder Cyclorrhapha. It is believed to have evolved in the Cenozoic era, possibly in the Middle East, and has spread all over the world as a commensal of humans. It is the most common fly species found in houses. Adults are grey to black with four dark longitudinal lines on the thorax, slightly hairy bodies and a single pair of membranous wings. They have red eyes, set... less ↑

Nostima gilvipes (Coquillett)

Hydrellia gilvipes Coquillett, 1900b:261.—Jones, 1906:185 [catalog].

Nostima gilvipes.—Cresson, 1941:2–3 [revision].—Sturtevant and Wheeler, 1954:241 [review].—Wirth, 1965:745 [Nearctic catalog]; 1968:17 [Neotropical catalog].—Mathis and Zatwarnicki, 1995:191 [world catalog].

Nostima (Nostima) gilvipes.—Cresson, 1947:40 [review].

Nostima immaculata Cresson, 1918:49; 1930b:80 [compared with N. niveivenosa]; 1941:2 [synonymy].

DIAGNOSIS.—Nostima gilvipes is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of external characters: gena with ventral portion densely microtomentose; mesonotum not vittate; scutellum unicolorous; crossveins and veins unicolorous; tergite 2 posteromedially with dense, silvery gray microtomentum in a triangular pattern; tergite 3 with dense band of silvery gray microtomentum along posterior margin; and tergite 5 posteromedially with dense, silvery gray microtomentum.

DESCRIPTION.—Minute to small shore flies, body length 0.89–1.24 mm; yellowish brown to brown with silvery gray, yellowish silver, and golden microtomentum.

Head: Frons with dark brown ventrolateral triangles with golden yellow microtomentum, ocellar circle brown with golden yellow microtomentum. Occiput brown with sparse, silvery gray microtomentum. Outer vertical seta – length of inner vertical seta; paravertical seta absent. Scape and pedicel yellow; flagellomere 1 ventrally yellow, dorsally yellowish brown; arista dorsally branched. Facial background yellowish brown; narrow band of silvery gray microtomentum along eye margin beginning at antennae, extending along parafacial, and continuing to gena. Parafacial silvery gray, with a narrow brown band along medial parafacial and extending lateroventrally below gena. Face medially covered with yellowish silver microtomentum. Gena covered with dense, silvery gray microtomentum; postgena covered with dense, silvery gray microtomen-tum. Maxillary palpus yellow; prementum yellowish brown.

Thorax (Figure 149): Scutal length 0.34–0.43 mm; scutellar length 0.14–0.19 mm. Mesonotum brown with sparse, yellowish silver microtomentum, anterior margin paler; scutellum brown with sparse, yellowish silver microtomentum; anepisternum dorsal brown with silvery gray microtomentum, ventral shiny brown with sparse, silvery gray microtomentum; katepisternum shiny brown with silvery gray microtomentum; subscutellum shiny dark brown with sparse, silvery gray microtomentum; anatergite dorsal brown with yellowish silver microtomentum, ventral shiny brown. Chaetotaxy: anterior dorsocentral seta length of posterior seta; anterior notopleural seta length of posterior seta; lateral scutellar seta – length of apical seta. Wing (Figure 149): length 1.17–1.41 mm; width 0.48–0.62 mm; costal-vein ratio 0.89–1.13; M-vein ratio 0.21–0.29; amber background with pale brown veins and crossveins. Halter yellow. Legs yellow to yellow brown; tarsomere 5 yellowish brown on all legs.

Abdomen (Figures 42–44, 199, 200): Background brown; tergite 1 with sparse, silvery gray microtomentum; tergite 2 anteriorly with sparse, silvery gray microtomentum, posteromedially with dense microtomentum in triangular pattern; tergite 3 with silvery gray microtomentum, anteriorly sparse, posterior a dense band; tergite 4 bare, shiny; tergite 5 anterior shiny, posteromedially with dense, silvery gray microtomentum. Male genitalia (Figures 42–44): epandrium-cerci-surstyli complex completely fused; epandrium U-shaped with rounded posteroventral projection; cercus triangular in lateral view with many setulae, separated from epandrium by V-shaped space; surstylus rounded with pointed anterior projection and with posterior projection bearing 4 setae; aedeagal apodeme triangular in lateral view, posterior projection spatulate, anterior projection broad with anterior point in ventral view, lateral projections spike shaped; aedeagus crescent-shaped in lateral view; gonite with broad base, medial setula, narrow rounded posteroventral projection, and broad rounded posterodorsal projection; subepandrial plate and hypandrium fused; subepandrial plate a broad band with broad, bluntly pointed posterior projections; hypandrium rectangular in ventral view.

TYPE MATERIAL.—The holotype of Hydrellia gilvipes Coquillett has been destroyed, and nothing remains on the paper point that held the holotype. The pin includes a label by W.W. Wirth, indicating “Type lost Apr. 1969 W3.” Data on the label that accompanies the pin is as follows: “Bayamon Jan 1899/Porto Rico Aug Busck/Type No 4378 [handwritten] U.S.N.M. [red]/Hydrellia gilvipes Coq. [handwritten, white with black-line border]/Type lost Apr. 1969 W3. [handwritten, red ink].”

In the interest of stabilizing the use of this species name, a neotype should be designated. Paratypes do not exist, and specimens from the same locality apparently do not exist either; however, the type specimen for Nostima immaculata, a junior synonym as determined by Cresson (1941), is deposited in the ANSP. Cresson is the only person known to have compared the types of N. gilvipes and N. immaculata. Based upon his descriptions of these specimens, we concur that the synonymy is valid; therefore, the holotype of Nostima immaculata is herein designated as the neotype for N. gilvipes.

The holotype male of Nostima immaculata Cresson and neotype of Hydrellia gilvipes Coquillett is labeled “Rio Surubres 20 × ‘09 [20 Oct 1909] C[osta]R[ica] P P Calvert/Bonnefil F'm 800 ft alt Sweepings/TYPE No. Nostima immaculata E T Cresson, Jr. 6122 [red; species name and number handwritten, number written along right margin] [red]/ANSP [yellow]/NEOTYPE Nostima gilvipes (Coquillett) J. Edmiston (1989) [red].” The holotype (and neotype) is double mounted (minuten through posterior thorax; pinned to a thin rectangular piece of cardboard), is in good condition, and is deposited in the ANSP (6122).

OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED (85 , 119 ).—BELIZE. Cayo: San Ignacio (0.8 km N, W bank river; open grassland and scrub), 20–21 Jul 1978 (1 ; BMNH). Stann Creek: Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary (16°47′S, 88°30′W), 5–6 Apr 1993, W.N. Mathis (1 , 1; USNM).

BOLIVIA. La Paz: Apa (8 km S Chulumani; 16°35.6′S, 68°51.2′W; 1960 m), 10 Mar 2001, W.N. Mathis (2 ; USNM); Caranavi (15°50.2′S, 67°33.4′W; 670 m), 12 Mar 2001, W.N. Mathis (1 ; USNM); Chulumani (2 km S; 16°23.5′S, 67°31.8′W; 1750 m), 9–10 Mar 2001, W.N. Mathis (1 ; USNM); Guanay (3 km E; 15°30.2′S, 67°52.3′W; 500 m), 14 Mar 2001, W.N. Mathis (14 , 18; USNM); Mapiri (15°18.6′S, 68°13′W; 720 m), 15 Mar 2001, W.N. Mathis (3 , 2 ; USNM).

BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Ilha de Marambaia (23°03.6′S, 43°59. 1′W), 4 Sep 2000, D. and W.N. Mathis (1 USNM).

COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Medellin (30 km NW; 2440 m), Feb 1958, M.R. Wheeler (1 , 2; USNM). Magdalena: Villa Concha (near Santa Marta; 11°15′N, 74°09′W), Dec 1955, W.B. Heed (1 ; USNM). Valle: Palmira (near Cali; 1005 m), Nov 1955, W.B. Heed (2 ; USNM).

COSTA RICA. Cartago: La Suiza, 25 Apr-Aug 1921, P. Schild (8 , 9 ; ANSP, HNHM, USNM). Puntarenas: Dominical (9°14.8′N, 83°51.4′W), 12 Jun 2003, J. Edmiston, D. and W.N. Mathis (1 ; USNM); Rio Bonito (2.3 km W Cerro la Gamba; 110m), 25 Jun-17 Jul 1996, E. Fletes (1 INBIO).

CUBA. Cienfuegos: Soledad, Jardin Botánico (22°7.5′N, 80°19.2′W), 13 Dec 1994, W.N. Mathis (1 ; USNM); Topes de Collantes (5 km WNW; 21°56.5′N, 80°2.3′W; 600 m), 11 Dec 1994, W.N. Mathis (2 , 1 ; USNM). Havana: Ojo de Aqua (22°54.6N, 82°29.1′W), 8 Dec 1994, W.N. Mathis (5 , 19 ; USNM); San Antonio de los Baños (22°54.9′N, 82°29.3′W), 8 Dec 1994, W.N. Mathis (4 , 8 ; USNM). Orientes: Herradura, C.W. Metz (1 ; MCZ). Pinar del Rio: Soroa (22°47.7′N, 83°W), 4–6 Dec 1994, W.N. Mathis (4 ; USNM).

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Distrito Nacional: Santo Domingo (Jardin Botánico; 18°29.9′N, 69°56.9′W), 26 Mar 1999, W.N. Mathis (2 , 1 ; USNM). El Seibo: Rincón (near Rincón; 18°45.3′N, 68°55.7′W), 12 May 1995, W.N. Mathis (1 , 6 ; USNM). Pedernales: Pedernales (13 km N; along Rio Mulito; 18°09′N, 71°46′W; 230 m; riparian woodland), 17 Jul 1992, J. Rawlins, S. Thompson, C. Young, R. Davidson (2; CARN); Pedernales (18°01.8′N, 71°44.7′W), 19–20 Mar 1999, W.N. Mathis (4, 4; USNM); Pedernales (19 km N; 18°09.2′N, 71°44.8′W; 230 m), 20 Mar 1999, W.N. Mathis (2, 1; USNM). Peravia: San José Ocoa (10 km NE; 18°35′N, 70°25.6′W), 21 May 1998, D. and W.N. Mathis (1; USNM). Puerto Plata: Río Camu (14 km E Puerto Plata; 19°41.9′N, 70°37.5′W), 23 May 1998, D. and W.N. Mathis (1; USNM).

ECUADOR. Los Ríos: Guare, Aug 1955, R. Levi Castillo (1; USNM). Manabi: Bandurria, Aug 1955, R. Levi Castillo (3, 1; USNM); Camarones, 9 Sep 1955, R. Levi Castillo (1, 1; USNM); Estero Balsa, 9 Sep 1955, R. Levi Castillo (3, 2; USNM); Pichilingue, Mar 1958, M.R. Wheeler (1; USNM); Pichincha, Aug 1955, R. Levi Castillo (1; USNM).

EL SALVADOR. La Libertad: Lago de Zapotitán, Dec 1953, W.B. Heed (1; USNM).

GRENADA. St. Andrew: Grand Étang Lake (12°5.6′N, 61°41.7′W), 14 Sep 1997, W.N. Mathis (1; USNM).

GUATEMALA. Izabal: Matias de Galvez, 14–15 Aug 1965, P.J. Spangler (1; USNM).

GUYANA. Dubulay Ranch, Berbice River (5°40.9′N, 57°51.5′W), 9–11 Apr 1994, W.N. Mathis (6, 7; USNM); Georgetown (6°48.6′N, 58°8.6′W; 340 m), 20–29 Aug 1997, W.N. Mathis (1, 3; USNM).

HONDURAS. Cortés: San Pedro Sula (8 km S; 15°25.7′N, 88°1.4′W), 25–26 Sep 1995, D. and W.N. Mathis (1; USNM).

JAMAICA. Clarendon: Grantham (18°09.3′N, 77°23.8′W; 340 m), 16 Apr 2000, W.N. Mathis (1; USNM). Manchester: near Warwick (17°54.1′N, 77°25.5′W), 7 May 1996, D. and W.N. Mathis, H.B. Williams (1, 5; USNM). Portland: Reach (4 km N; 18°03.6′N, 76°20.4′W), 15 May 1996, D. and W.N. Mathis, H.B. Williams (1; USNM). St. Andrew: Clydesdale (black light), 4–9 Dec 1975, G.F. Hevel (1; USNM).

MEXICO. Chiapas: Puenta Macalapa, 22 May 1964, F.S. Blanton, “light trap” (3; USNM). Guerrero: Acapulco, 16–30 Aug 1938, L.J. Lipovsky (1; KU). Puebla: Huachinango, Dec 1958, A. Faberge (1; USNM). Veracruz: Veracruz, Oct 1962, N.L.H. Krauss (1, 1; BMNH).

PANAMA. Canal Zone: Kobbe Beach (mangrove), Jul 1967, W.W. Wirth (1; USNM). Cocle: El Valle, Feb 1958, M.R. Wheeler (1; USNM); Playa Santa Clara, 2 Jul 1967, W.W. Wirth (1; USNM). Colon: Cativa, 27 Aug 1952, F.S. Blanton (1; USNM). Darien: Garachine, Feb 1953, F.S. Blanton (1; USNM).

ST. LUCIA. Fond St. Jacques (13°50′N, 61°02′W), 13–14 Jun 1991, D. and W.N. Mathis (2; USNM). Soufriere Botanical Garden (13°51′N, 61°4′W), 12 Jun 1991, D. and W.N. Mathis (1; USNM).

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. Trinidad: St. George, Arima 8 km N (10°1′N, 61°18′W) (Verdant Vale), 19 Jun 1993, W.N. Mathis (1; USNM).

UNITED STATES. Florida: Dade County, Homestead, IFAS Exp. Station (Malaise trap), 9 Nov 1973, W.H. Pierce (1; USNM); Monroe County, Key West (24°32.9′N, 81°47.9′W), 11 Feb 2000, D. and W.N. Mathis (1; USNM).

VENEZUELA. Barinas: Santa Rosa, Feb 1943, P. Anduze (1, 1; USNM).

DISTRIBUTION (Figure 45).—Nearctic: United States (Florida). Neotropical: Belize (Cayo, Stann Creek), Bolivia (LaPaz), Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), Colombia (Antioquia, Magdalena, Valle), Costa Rica (Cartago, Puntarenas), Ecuador (Los Ríos, Manabi), El Salvador (La Libertad), Guatemala (Izabal), Guyana, Honduras (Cortés), Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Puebla, Veracruz), Panama (Canal Zone, Cocle, Colon, Darien), Trinidad, Venezuela (Barinas), and West Indies (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Lucia).

ETYMOLOGY.—The yellow to yellowish brown color of N. gilvipes confirms Cresson's choice of the Latin root gilv meaning pale yellow. less ↑

Sarcophaga peregrina (synonym Boettcherisca peregrina) is a species of flesh fly belonging to the family Sarcophagidae. They easily breed, multiply and spread in human habitation, from garbage, faeces and livestock manures. In many regions, they are health concerns as they are active vectors of infectious diseases such as myiasis in humans. Due to their close contact with human activities, they are considered as forensically important insects. They can be used for mole less ↑