= Ciona robusta. See Brunetti R., Gissi C., Pennati R., Caicci F., Gasparini F., Manni L., 2015, Morphological evidence that the molecularly determined Ciona intestinalis type A and type B are different species: Ciona robusta and Ciona intestinalis, Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research,1-8.