Article on Muscarine content reports in Inocybaceae

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662758/

"Considering their phylogenetic placement, six species of subgenus Mallocybe (Mallocybe clade) have been assayed. Of these, I. agardhii, I. dulcamara, I. caesariata, and I. malenconii have been reported as muscarine positive. However, I. terrigena and I. unicolor lack muscarine. Within section Rimosae s. str. (Pseudosperma clade), five species have been assayed. Of these, I. rimosa, I. niveivelata, I. sororia, and I. spuria are muscarine positive. Only I. perlata is reported to lack muscarine. Twelve species of section Cervicolores and the ‘maculata clade’ (two major lineages of the Inosperma clade) have been assayed and included in our phylogenetic analysis. Of these, only three species are muscarine positive: I. erubescens, I. maculata, and I. vinaceobrunnea nom. prov. (the latter likely clinically insignificant). Inocybe adaequata, I. bongardii, I. calamistrata, I. cervicolor, I. cookei, I. hirsuta var. maxima, I. lanatodisca, I. misakaensis, and I. rimosoides are nine species within the Inosperma clade that lack muscarine. In subgenus Inocybe (Inocybe clade) numerous species are reported as muscarine positive. However, the following lack muscarine and psilocybin: I. appendiculata, I. fraudans, I. aff. fraudans, I. godeyi, I. grammata ( = I. albodisca), I. granulosipes, I. incarnata, I. luteifolia, I. nigrescens, I. subexilis, I. tahquamenonsis, I. viscata, and I. xanthomelas. Species of Auritella and Tubariomyces sampled here also lack muscarine.

The following species in Table S1 lack muscarine but possess psilocybin: I. aeruginascens, I. coelestium, I. corydalina, I. haemacta, and I. tricolor. All five psilocybin-containing species appear to be endemic to Europe. One specimen from California reported as I. bohemica nom. prov. represents a distinct North American species in the I. corydalina group and features the typical blue-green discoloration on the pileus and stipe of basidiomata as in European I. corydalina. Given this taxon is nested within what is otherwise a European group of hallucinogenic species, we scored it positive (1) for psilocybin presence. Scoring this taxon as ambiguous for psilocybin made no difference in the number of reconstructed gains of the trait.

We did record several discrepancies of the presence or absence of muscarine in the following species: I. albodisca, I. cervicolor, I. curvipes, I. dulcamara, I. pelargonium, I. picrosma, I. praetervisa, I. serotina, and I. xanthomelas (Table S1). Of these taxa, it seems reasonable that muscarine is indeed lacking from I. albodisca, I. cervicolor, and I. xanthomelas due to a majority or more recent studies that confirm the absence of the toxin. Confusion over species recognition may complicate evaluations of the presence or absence of muscarine in the other taxa listed above. Multiple exemplars of these species should be re-evaluated. One discrepancy was noted for the presence of psilocybin in I. calamistrata, which has since been demonstrated as psilocybin negative."

Posted on April 25, 2024 05:02 PM by pipsissewa