Geflecktes Knabenkraut (MVP)

Geflecktes Knabenkraut

Dactylorhiza maculata

Summary ⁶

The heath spotted orchid or moorland spotted orchid (Dactylorhiza maculata), is an herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the family Orchidaceae.

Description ⁷

Dactylorhiza maculata reaches on average 15–45 centimetres (5.9–17.7 in) of height, with a maximum of 70 centimetres (28 in). These plants are bulbous geophytes, forming their buds in underground tubers or bulbs, organs that annually produce new stems, leaves and flowers. Furthermore these orchids are "terrestrial", because unlike "epiphyte" species they do not live at the expense of other large plants.

This orchid has an erect, glabrous and cylindrical stem, with a streaked surface. The leaves are oblong or oval-lanceolate, with dark ellipsoid-shaped "spots" on the surface (hence the species name). The leaves are amplexicaul and can be either radical (basal) or cauline.

The underground part of the stem has two webbed tubers each one more or less deeply divided into several lobes or tubercles (characteristic of the genus Dactylorhiza), the first one plays the important functions of supplying the stem, while the second one collects nutrient materials for the development of the plant that will form in the coming year.

The inflorescence is 5–15 centimetres (2.0–5.9 in) long and it is composed of flowers gathered in dense spikes. The flowers are placed in the axils of bracts membranous and lanceolate-shaped. Their colors vary from light pink to purple or white with darker streaks mainly on the labellum (sometimes at the margins of tepals). The flowers reaches on average 10–15 centimetres (3.9–5.9 in). The flowers are hermaphrodite and pollinated by insects, especially bumblebees. However the seeds germination is conditioned by the presence of specific fungi.

Habitat ⁷

The Heath Spotted Orchid prefers sunny places on lowlands or hills, it can be found in slightly damp meadows, but also in the undergrowth of dry forests, in areas with bushes and at the edges of streams. They grow on siliceous and calcareous substrate, at an altitude up to 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) above sea level.

Taxon biology ⁸

Your average heath spotted orchid is a lovely purple orchid, with spotted leaves similar to the broad-leaved marsh orchid. However, there are many variations and exceptions. The color can vary and the leaves aren't always spotted. In fact, those with unspotted leaves have white flowers and those with lots and lots of spots have very dark purple flowers. Sometimes the flower head is dense with blossoms while other times the blossoms are spread apart. Even the size can vary. Maybe this is why so many different insects pollinate the flower. Although specific beetle species are responsible for the most pollination, bumblebees, bees and hoverflies also contribute.

Etymology ⁷

The name of the genus Dactylorhiza is formed from Greek words δάκτυλος "daktylos" meaning "finger" and ρίζα "rhiza" meaning "root" and refers to the tubers of this plant, that are split into several tubercles. The specific Latin name "maculata" (=spotted) refers to the stained leaves. The scientific binomial name of this plant was initially Orchis maculata, proposed by the Swedish naturalist and botanist Carl von Linné (1707–1778) in 1753. The name has been subsequently amended to the one currently accepted (Dactylorhiza maculata), by the Hungarian botanist Károly Rezső Soó (1903–1980) in 1962. In German this plant is called Geflecktes Knabenkraut, in French is called Orchis tacheté, in Italy is called Orchide macchiata.

Associations ⁹

Plant / pollenated
adult of Apoidea pollenates or fertilises flower of Dactylorhiza maculata

Plant / pollenated
adult of Diptera pollenates or fertilises flower of Dactylorhiza maculata

Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous aecium of Melampsora epitea var. epitea parasitises live leaf of Dactylorhiza maculata
Remarks: season: 5-6

Sources and Credits

(c) Rita, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-ND), http://www.flickr.com/photos/20815799@N00/163694763
(c) Jörg Hempel, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA), http://www.flickr.com/photos/32023375@N06/5846357853
(c) Lindsey K. Wise, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Lindsey K. Wise
(c) Xavier Béjar, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/xbe/14106107440/
(c) Tom Heller, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-SA), uploaded by Tom Heller, http://www.flickr.com/photos/8831395@N04/5994901973
Adapted by Bea Steinemann from a work by (c) Wikipedia, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactylorhiza_maculata
(c) Wikipedia, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactylorhiza_maculata
(c) Copyright Ecomare, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), http://eol.org/data_objects/23204552
(c) BioImages, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-SA), http://eol.org/data_objects/22909441

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