Ulmus rubra, the Slippery Elm, is a species of elm native to eastern North America (from southeast North Dakota, east to Maine and southern Quebec, south to northernmost Florida, and west to eastern Texas). Other common names include Red Elm, Gray Elm, Soft Elm, Moose Elm, and Indian Elm.
Slippery elm grows over such a wide range of climatic, soil, and topographic conditions that its associates include more than 60 deciduous tree species. It is a common associate in the forest cover types Black Oak-American Elm-Red Maple (Society of American Foresters Type 39), Hawthorn (Type 109), White Oak-Black Oak- Northern Red Oak (Type 52), and River Birch-Sycamore (Type 61) (5). It probably also appears in Silver Maple-American Elm (Type 62) and as an occasional tree in several other cover types. Common associates in uplands include bur, chinkapin, white, black, and northern red oaks (Quercus macrocarpa, Q. muehlenbergii, Q. alba, Q. velutina, and Q. rubra); shagbark, bitternut, mockernut, and pignut hickories (Carya ovata, C. cordiformis, C. tomentosa, and C. glabra); sugar, red, and silver maples (Acer saccharum, A. rubrum, and A. saccharinum); boxelder (A. negundo); white ash (Fraxinus americana); American elm (Ulmus americana); blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica); basswood (Tilia americana); black cherry; black walnut (Juglans nigra); hackberry (Celtis occidentalis); and honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos). On periodically flooded lowlands slippery elm commonly occurs with silver and red maple, American elm, eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), hackberry, blackgum, and honeylocust.
Common understory species of slippery elm stands include blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis); black raspberry (R. occidentalis); prickly, hairystem, and Missouri gooseberries (Ribes cynosbati, R. hirtellum, and R. missouriense); roundleaf, alternate-leaf, redosier, gray, and flowering dogwoods (Cornus rugosa, C. alternifolia, C. stolonifera, C. racemosa, and C. florida); beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta); American hazelnut (C. americana); Atlantic leatherwood (Dirca palustris); ninebark (Physocarpus spp.); climbing bittersweet (Celastrus scandens); Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia); grape (Vitis spp.); American and redberry elders (Sambucus canadensis and S. pubens); nannyberry (Viburnum lentago); blackhaw (V. prunifolium); witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana); poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans); American bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia); coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus); wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens); eastern burningbush (Euonymus atropurpureus); and trailing wahoo (E.obovatus) (4,11).
Annual precipitation generally increases from northwest to southeast across the range of slippery elm (11). It averages about 530 mm (21 in) along the North Dakota-Minnesota boundary and about 2110 mm (83 in) at higher elevations in North Carolina. Warm season precipitation ranges from 410 to 1040 mm. (16 to 41 in), and snowfall from very rare in the South to 254 cm (100 in) or more in the North. Average annual temperature ranges from 4° to 21° C (40° to 70° F), average January temperature from -15° to 12° C (5° to 54° F), and average July temperature from 16° to 27° C (60° to 80° F). The length of the frost-free period ranges from 90 to 280 days.
Scabrous-leaved Ulmus rubra is often confused with U . americana . Where ranges coincide, U . rubra may freely intergrade with Ulmus pumila Linnaeus, a widely introduced species.
The red-rust, mucilaginous inner bark of Ulmus rubra is distinctive; its sticky slime gives this tree its common name of slippery elm. Native American tribes used Ulmus rubra for a wide variety of medicinal purposes, including inducing labor, soothing stomach and bowels, treating dysentary, coughs, colds, and catarrhs, dressing burns and sores, and as a laxative (D. E. Moerman 1986). Various preparations utilizing it are still marketed.
Excluding insect species that feed only on American elm, more than 125 insect species feed on trees in the elm genus (1). Bark beetles and wood borers generally cause little damage to vigorous trees although some can ultimately kill weakened or diseased trees. They also introduce stain and rot organisms into dead trees and manufactured products. The spread of Dutch elm disease is the most detrimental effect of bark beetle feeding. The smaller European elm bark beetle (Scolytus multistriatus) is the primary vector of this disease in the United States, but the native elm bark beetle (Hylurgopinus rufipes, Scolytus mali, and Xylosandrus germanus) are also able to transmit it.
Only a few defoliators feed exclusively on elms and even fewer feed exclusively on slippery elm. The elm calligrapha (Calligrapha scalaris), the elm leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta luteola), the larger elm leaf beetle (Monocesta coryli), Canarsia ulmiarrosorella, an elm casebearer (Coleophora u1mifoliella), Nerice bidentata, and one species of the genus Macroxyela usually feed only on elms. Slippery elm is especially favored by the larger elm leaf beetle. Elms are preferred hosts for Dasychira basiflava, fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria), spring cankerworm (Paleacrita vernata), whitemarked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma), the yellownecked caterpillar (Datana ministra), and the elm sawfly (Cimbex americana). Although larvae of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) will feed on leaves of slippery elm, it is not a preferred host.
Sucking insects that feed exclusively on elm or prefer elm to most other species include elm cockscombgall aphid (Colopha ulmicola), Tetraneura u1mi, European elm scale (Gossyparia spuria), elm scurfy scale (Chionaspis americana), elm leaf aphid (Tinocallis ulmifolii), woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum), and woolly elm bark aphid (E. rileyi). The gall aphid (Kaltenbachiella u1mifusa) is limited to slippery elm. The whitebanded elm leafhopper (Scaphoideus luteolus) is the principal vector of elm phloem necrosis.
Slippery elm has many of the same diseases as American elm (6). It is attacked and killed by Dutch elm disease caused by the fungus Ceratocystis ulmi. It is also killed by elm yellows or elm phloem necrosis (a mycoplasma-like organism) throughout much of its range. These two diseases are so virulent and widespread that slippery elm seldom reaches commercial size and volume as a forest tree and it is being replaced as a street tree in many localities. A dieback caused by Dothiorella ulmi is widespread from New England to Mississippi and has often been confused with Dutch elm disease. A leaf spot caused by Gnomonia ulmea, brown wood rot caused by Pleurotus ulmarius, white flakey rot caused by P.ostreatus, ustulina butt rot caused by Ustulina vulgaris, slimeflux and wetwood caused by Erwinia nimipressuralis, and nectria canker caused by Nectria galligena all attack slippery elm. In a survey in Davidson County, TN, infestations of mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens) were more numerous on slippery elm than on any other species except American elm and white ash.
Slippery elm is also damaged by several other agents. In mixed hardwood stands, bark stripping by deer is more frequent on slippery elm than on other species. Bark stripping occurred most frequently on stems of saplings and on roots of pole-sized trees(9). Slippery elm also suffers crown breakage following severe ice storms in Wisconsin (3).
General: Elm Family (Ulmaceae). This graceful, arching tree reaches 20 m, with twigs that are scabrous-pubescent. It can live to be 200 years old and is identified by its "slippery" inner bark. The winter-buds are densely covered with red-brown hairs. The leaves are oblong to obovate, thick and stiff and 10-20 cm. They are pinnately veined and not equilateral. The flowers are subsessile in dense fascicles with 5-9 stamens. They appear before the leaves in the spring. The fruit is a flat, 1-seeded samara. It is suborbicular, 1.5-2 cm and pubescent over the seed.