mile-a-minute weed (Invasive Plants of Maryland)

mile-a-minute weed

Persicaria perfoliata

Description and biology ⁸

Plant: herbaceous, annual, trailing vine; stems are delicate and armed with recurved barbs which are also present on the underside of the leaf blades; distinctive circular, cup-shaped leafy structures called ocrea surround the stem at nodes.
Leaves: alternate, pale green and shaped like an equilateral (equal-sided) triangle.
Flowers, fruits and seeds: flower buds, and later flowers and fruits, emerge from within the ocrea; flowers are small, white and generally inconspicuous; fruits are berry-like, attractive, deep blue and arranged in clusters at terminals; each fruit contains a single glossy, black or reddish-black hard seed called an achene with a small elaiosome.
Spreads: by seed that is transported long distances by birds; short-distance seed dispersal by ants attracted to the elaiosome has been observed but needs further investigation; water is an important mode of dispersal as fruits can remain buoyant for seven to nine days.

Distribution in the united states ⁹

Mile-a-minute has been found in parts of Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington, DC. This area comprises an estimated 20 percent of its likely potential range. It is considered to be a temperate species with subtropical tendencies and therefore has the potential to invade those portions of the contiguous United States that have the appropriate climate to provide a minimal eight week cold vernalization period. A temperature of 10°C or below must be sustained for an eight week period to stimulate germination. It has also been reported to be invasive in nine national parks in four mid-Atlantic states.

Ecological threat in the united states ¹⁰

Mile-a-minute weed grows rapidly, scrambling over shrubs and other vegetation, blocking the foliage of covered plants from available light, and reducing their ability to photosynthesize, which stresses and weakens them. In addition, the weight and pressure of the vine causes distortion of stems and branches of covered plants. If left unchecked, reduced photosynthesis can kill a plant. Large infestations of mile-a-minute weed eventually reduce native plant species in natural areas. Small populations of extremely rare plants may be eliminated entirely. Because it can smother tree seedlings, mile-a-minute weed has a negative effect on Christmas tree farms, forestry operations on pine plantations and reforestation of natural areas. It has the potential to be a problem to nursery and horticulture crops that are not regularly tilled as a cultivation practice.

New york state invasive species information ¹¹

Mile-A-Minute Weed (Persicaria perfoliata) is a vigorous, barbed, vine that smothers other herbaceous plants, shrubs and even trees by growing over them. Growing up to 6 inches per day, mile-a-minute weed forms dense mats that cover other plants and then stresses and weakens themthrough smothering and physically damaging them. Sunlight is blocked, thus decreasing the covered plant’s ability to photosynthesize; and the weight and pressure of the mile-a-minute weed can cause poor growth of branches and foliage. The smothering can eventually kill overtopped plants.

History

Mile-a-minute weed (Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross, formerly Polygonum perfoliatum) is a member of the Polygonum or Buckwheat family. It is native to India and Eastern Asia and was accidentally introduced via contaminated holly seed into York County, PA in 1930. As of September 2011, mile-a-minute weed has been found in all the Mid-Atlantic states, southern New England, North Carolina, Ohio and Oregon. In New York, mile-a-minute weed has been recorded mostly in counties south of the northern Connecticut boarder. Mile-a-minute weed has a large potential to expand in cooler areas, as the seed requires an 8 week cold period in order to flower. It is estimated that mile-a-minute weed is in only 20% of its potential U.S. range.

Infestations of mile-a-minute weed decrease native vegetation and habitat in natural areas impacting plants and the wildlife that depend on those plants as well. Mile-a-minute weed can also be a major pest in Christmas tree plantations, reforestation areas and young forest stands, and landscape nurseries. Areas that are regularly disturbed, such as powerline and utility right-of-ways where openings are created through regular herbicide use, are prime locations for mile-a-minute weed establishment. Small populations of rare plants could be completely destroyed. Thickets of these barbed plants can also be a deterrent to recreation.

Biology

Mile-a-minute weed is an herbaceous annual vine. Its leaves are alternate, light green, 4- to 7 cm long and 5 to 9 cm wide, and shaped like an equilateral triangle. Its green vines are narrow and delicate becoming woody and reddish with time. The vines and the undersides of leaves are covered with recurved barbs that aid in its ability to climb. Mile-a-minute has ocreae that surround the stems at nodes. This distinctive 1 to 2 cm feature is cup-shaped and leafy. Flower buds, and thus flowers and fruit, grow from these ocreae. When the small, white, inconspicuous flowers are pollinated they form spikes of blue, berry-like fruits, each containing a single glossy, black seed called an achene. Vines can grow up to 6 inches per day.

Mile-a-minute weed is primarily a self-fertile plant and does not need any pollinators to produce viable seeds. Its ability to flower and produce seeds over a long period of time (June through October) make mile-a-minute weed a prolific seeder. Seeds can be viable in the soil for up to 6 years and can germinate at staggered intervals. Vines are killed by frost and the seeds overwinter in the soil. Mile-a-minute seeds require an 8 week vernalization period at temperatures below 10 degrees Celsius in order to flower, and therefore be a threat. Germination is generally early April through early July.

Seeds are carried long distances by birds, which are presumed to be the main cause of long distance spread. Deer, chipmunks, squirrels and even one particular species of ant is known to eat mile-a-minute weed fruit. Viable seeds have been found in deer scat; an indication that other animals may also be vectors.

Mile-a-minute weed seeds can float for 7-9 days, which allows for long distance movement in water. This movement can be amplified during storms when vines hanging over waterways drop their fruit into fast moving waters, which then spread the seeds throughout a watershed.

Habitat

Mile-a-minute weed is generally found colonizing natural and man-made disturbed and open areas and along the edges of woods, streams, wetlands, uncultivated fields and roads. It can also be found in areas with extremely wet environments with poor soil structure, and while it will grow in drier soils, mile-a-minute prefers high moisture soils. It will tolerate some shade for part of the day, but prefers full sun. Using its specially adapted recurved barbs, mile-a-minute weed can reach sunlight by climbing over plants helping it outcompete other vegetation.

Management

Mile-a-minute has a number of management options that can be employed. Different sites will dictate different levels of management depending on conditions and the level of infestation. Once all the plants have been removed, on-going monitoring and management must occur, for up to 6 years, in order to exhaust any seeds remaining in the soil.

Biological Control

The mile-a-minute weevil, Rhinocominus latipes Korotyaev, is a 2 mm long, black weevil which is often covered by an exuded orange film produced from the mile-a-minute plants it feeds on. This small weevil is host-specific to mile-a-minute weed and has been successfully released and recovered in multiple locations in the U.S.

The adult weevils feed on the leaves of mile-a-minute weed and females lay eggs on the leaves and stems. When the eggs hatch, the larvae bore into the stem to complete their development, and feed on the stems between the nodes. The larvae then emerge and drop to the soil to pupate. There are 3 – 4 overlapping generations per year, with about a month needed per generation. Egg laying ceases in late summer or early fall, and the mile-a-minute weevil overwinters as an adult in the soil or leaf litter.

Mile-a-minute weevil feeding damage can stunt plants by causing the loss of apical dominance and can delay seed production. In the presence of competing vegetation, mile-a-minute weed can be killed by the weevil. The mile-a-minute weevil is more effective in the sun than in the shade. Over time, mile-a-minute weevils have been shown to reduce spring seedling counts. Biological control of mile-a-minute weed is currently the most promising and cost effective method.

For more information on the mile-a-minute weevil check the University of Delaware Biological Control on Invasive Plants Research web site: http://ag.udel.edu/enwc/research/biocontrol/mileaminute.htm

Cultural Control

Cultural methods can be used to help prevent mile-a-minute weed introduction to a new area. Maintain a stable plant community; avoid creating disturbances, openings or gaps in existing vegetation; and maintain wide, shade-producing, vegetative buffers along streams and wooded areas to prevent establishment.

Manual and Mechanical Control

Hand-pulling of vines can be effective; ideally before the barbs harden, afterwards thicker gloves are needed. Pull and bale vines and roots as early in the season as possible. Let the piles of vines dry out completely before disposing. Later in the season, vines must be pulled with caution as the fruit could be knocked off or spread more easily at this point. Collected plants can be incinerated or burned, left to dry and piled on site, or bagged and landfilled (least preferred). Dry piles left on site should be monitored and managed a few times each year, especially during the spring and early summer germination period to ensure any germinating seedlings are destroyed. Low growing populations of mile-a-minute weed can have their resources exhausted through repeated mowing or cutting. This will reduce flower production and therefore reduce fruit production.

Chemical Control

Mile-a-minute weed can be controlled with commonly used herbicides in moderate doses. The challenge with herbicides is mile-a-minute’s ability to grow over the top of desirable vegetation, and spraying the foliage of only the mile-a-minute weed can be challenging. Pre-emergent herbicides (herbicides that prevent seed germination) can be used with extensive infestations, often in combination with spot treatments of post-emergent herbicides (herbicides applied to the growing plant) for seedlings that escape control. Small populations are better controlled with post-emergent herbicides. General chemical control guidelines can be found at the “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas” publication web page http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/control-vines.htm. Areas treated with herbicides need to be monitored and retreated as necessary when new seedlings emerge from the seed bank, see Manual and Mechanical Control above. Please contact your local Cornell Cooperative Extension office http://www.cce.cornell.edu for pesticide use guidelines. For treating wetland areas or infestations near water, contact a certified pesticide applicator. Always apply pesticides according to the label directions; it’s the law.

Sources and Credits

(c) 潘立傑 LiChieh Pan, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-SA), http://www.flickr.com/photos/plj/2494114505/
(c) Qwert1234 at ja.wikipedia, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA), https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Persicaria_perfoliata_080922.JPG
(c) 潘立傑 LiChieh Pan, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-SA), http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3219/2494114505_181d4c3298.jpg
(c) 潘立傑 LiChieh Pan, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-SA), http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3250/2494117255_5f272d3b0b.jpg
(c) Matt Reinbold, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/furryscalyman/329504800/
(c) Carrie Seltzer, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Carrie Seltzer
(c) Evan M. Raskin, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Evan M. Raskin
(c) Unknown, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-SA), http://eol.org/data_objects/22734025
(c) Unknown, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-SA), http://eol.org/data_objects/22948765
(c) Unknown, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-SA), http://eol.org/data_objects/22948764
(c) The New York Invasive Species Clearinghouse, Cornell University Cooperative Extension, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-SA), http://eol.org/data_objects/23219500

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