Orange-peel Doris

Acanthodoris lutea MacFarland, 1925

Description 2

Dorsum orange to orange-red, with small yellow flecks and numerous large, pointed conical tubercles. Rhinophores long with about 20-26 lamellae. Branchial plumes 9, bipinnate, greyish-white. Labial tentacles large and auriculate, extending nearly to edge of dorsum.

Size 2

Typically about 25mm in length, but may reach 39mm.

Geographic Range 2

Vancouver British Columbia, Canada, to Cabo Colnett, Baja California, Mexico.

Notes 2

May emit pungent odor of cedar when handled. Jeff Goddard reports that it preys on the bryozoan, Alcyonidium sp.

References 2

ANONYMOUS. 2006. Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve draft management plan 2007-2011, 338 pp. PDF

ANONYMOUS. 2012. April nudibranch survey. Between the Tides, Friends of Fitzgerald Marine Reserve, June 2012:2. PDF

ANONYMOUS. 2013d. Nudibranch survey continues. Between the Tides, Friends of Fitzgerald Marine Reserve, September 2013:9. PDF

ABBOTT, R. T. 1974. American seashells, the marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America, 663 pp., 24 pls., 2nd ed. N.Y., Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.

AMES, R. 1963. They threw away their shells. Pacific Discovery 16(1):24-29.

AUSTIN, W. C. 1985. An annotated checklist of the marine invertebrates in the cold temperate northeast Pacific. 3 vols., xiv + 682 pp. Khoyatan Marine Laboratory. [Nudibranchia vol. 2, pp. 315-325].

BEEMAN, R. D., & G. C. WILLIAMS. 1980. Chapter 14. Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata: the sea slugs and allies, pp. 308-354, pls. 95-111. In: Robert H. Morris, Donald P. Abbott, & Eugene C. Haderlie. Intertidal invertebrates of California, ix + 690 pp., 200 pls. Stanford University Press.

BEHRENS, D. W. 1980. Pacific coast nudibranchs, a guide to the opisthobranchs of the northeastern Pacific, 112 pp., 162 photos. Sea Challengers, Los Osos, Calif.

BEHRENS, D. W. 1991. Pacific coast nudibranchs: a guide to the opisthobranchs, Alaska to Baja California, vi + 107 pp., 217 photos. Second Edition. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California.

BEHRENS, D. W. 1992. Pacific coast nudibranchs, supplement I radula, pp. 1-11. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California.

BEHRENS, D. W. 2004. Pacific Coast Nudibranchs, Supplement II New species to the Pacific Coast and new information on the oldies. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, series 4, 55(2):11-54. PDF

BEHRENS, D. W., & A. HERMOSILLO. 2005. Eastern Pacific nudibranchs, a guide to the opisthobranchs from Alaska to Central America. vi + 137 pp., 314 photos. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California.

BERTSCH, H. 1983. [for 1982]. Studies of benthic ecosystems along the northwest coast of Baja California, Mexico: distribution and prey of various marine invertebrates. Ciencias Marinas (Unidad de Ciencias Marinas de la Universidad Autonoma de Baja California) 8(2):91-123.

BERTSCH, H. 1991a. Biodiversity of the dorid nudibranch (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) fauna of the Pacific coast of the three Californias: systematic and zoogeographic comments, pp. 107-115. In: Murray Dailey & Hans Bertsch (Eds.). Proceedings of the VIII International Symposium of Marine Biology, June 4-8, 1990, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.

BERTSCH, H. 2010. Biogeography of Northeast Pacific opisthobranchs: comparative faunal province studies between Point Conception, California, USA, and Punta Aguja, Piura, Perú, pp. 219-259. In: Luis José Rangel Ruiz, Jaquelina Gamboa Aguilar, Stefan L. Arriaga Weiss, & Wilfrido M. Contreras Sánchez (Eds.). Perspectivas en Malacología Mexicana, 259 pp. División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco.

BERTSCH, H., & L. E. AGUILAR ROSAS. 2016. Marine invertebrates of northwest Mexico, xxxii + 432 pp. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas.

BERTSCH, H., T. GOSLINER, R. WHARTON, & G. WILLIAMS. 1972. Natural history and occurrence of opisthobranch gastropods from the open coast of San Mateo county, California. The Veliger 14(3):302-314. PDF

CADIEN, D. B. 1980. Mollusca, pp. 130-195. In: D. Straughan & R. W. Klink. A taxonomic listing of common marine invertebrate species from southern California. Technical Reports of the Alan Hancock Foundation, No. 3, vi + 281 p.

DAVIS, G. E., D. J. KUSHNER, J. M. MONDRAGON, J. E. MONDRAGON, D. LERMA, & D. V. RICHARDS. 1997. Kelp forest monitoring handbook, volume 1: sampling protocol. Channel Islands National Park, 96 pp. PDF

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FAHEY, S. J., & A. VALDÉS. 2005. Review of Acanthodoris Gray, 1850 with a phylogenetic analysis of Onchidorididae Alder and Hancock, 1845 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, series 4, 56(20):213-272. PDF

FARMER, W. M. 1967. Notes on the Opisthobranchia of Baja California, Mexico, with range extensions—II. The Veliger 9(3):340-342. PDF

FARMER, W. M. 1980. Sea-slug gastropods, 177 pp. W. M. Farmer Enterprises, Tempe, Arizona.

G. H. 2013. The Nudibranchs of the Salish Sea. The Dredgings (Newsletter of the Pacific Northwest Shell Club) 53(2):3-4. PDF

GODDARD, J. H. R. 1987. Observations on the opisthobranch mollusks of Punta Gorda, California, with notes on the distribution and biology of Crimora coneja. The Veliger 29(3):267-273. PDF

GODDARD, J. H. R. 1997. Range extensions of eight northeastern Pacific nudibranchs. Opisthobranch Newsletter 23(4):13.

GODDARD, J. H. R. 1998. A summary of the prey of nudibranch molluscs from Cape Arago, Oregon. Opisthobranch Newsletter 24(2):11-14. PDF

GODDARD, J. H. R., T. M. GOSLINER, & J. S. PEARSE. 2011a. Impacts associated with the recent range shift of the aeolid nudibranch Phidiana hiltoni (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) in California. Marine Biology 158(5):1095-1109. PDF

GODDARD, J. H. R., & B. GREEN. 2013. Developmental mode in opisthobranch molluscs from the northeast Pacific Ocean: additional species from southern California and supplemental data. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 112(2):49-62. PDF

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GOTO, Y.o, & G. T. POPPE. 1996. A listing of living Mollusca, part II, vol. 2, pp. 525-1031. Ancona: L'informatore piceno. [species are also listed in alphabetical order by specific epithet in part I, vols. 1 & 2].

HALLAS, J. M., W. B. SIMISON, & T. M. GOSLINER. 2016. Dating and biogeographical patterns in the sea slug genus Acanthodoris Gray, 1850 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Nudibranchia). Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution 97:19-31. PDF

HERMOSILLO, A., D. W. BEHRENS, & E. RÍOS JARA. 2006. Opistobranquios de México. Guía de babosas marinas del Pacífico, Golfo de California y las islas oceánicas. CONABIO (Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad): University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico 143 pp.

HUMAN, V. L. 1973. Marine Mollusca in kelp holdfasts at Paradise Cove, California. Tabulata (Santa Barbara Malacological Society) 6:12-15, 21-22

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MACFARLAND, F. M. 1925. The Acanthodorididae of the California coast. The Nautilus 39(2):49-65, pls. II-III. PDF

MACFARLAND, F. M. 1926. The Acanthodorididae of the California coast. The Nautilus 39(3):94-103. PDF

MACFARLAND, F. M. 1966. Studies of opisthobranchiate mollusks of the Pacific coast of North America. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 6:1-546, pls. 1-72. PDF

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MCDONALD, G. R. 1977. A review of the nudibranchs of the California coast, ix + 373 pp. M.A. thesis, California State University, Hayward. PDF

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MICHEL, N. 1976. A fantastic dive. The Festivus (San Diego Shell Club) 7(8):46-49. PDF

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NEEDLES, L. A. 2007. Big changes to a small bay: exotic species in the Morro Bay fouling community over thirty years, ix + 61 pp. MS thesis, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.

NEEDLES, L. A., & D. E. WENDT. 2013. Big changes to a small bay: introduced species and long-term compositional shifts to the fouling community of Morro Bay (CA). Biological Invasions 15(6):1231-1251.

NYBAKKEN, J. W., G. CAILLIET, & W. BROENKOW. 1977. Ecologic and hydrographic studies of Elkhorn Slough Moss Landing Harbor and nearshore coastal waters July 1974 to June 1976. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, California 95039. PDF

NYBAKKEN, J. W., C. JONG, D. ITUARTE, T. ECKHARDT, & M. SILBERSTEIN. 1975. Benthic (invertebrate) baseline studies of the Moss Landing - Elkhorn Slough environment, pp. 54-154. In: James W. Nybakken, Gregor M. Cailliet, & William W. Broenkow (Eds.). A baseline study of the Moss Landing/Elkhorn Slough environment, iv + 219 pp. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories of the California State Universities and Colleges, Moss Landing, California. PDF

RICHARDS, D. V., C. GRAMLICH, G. E. DAVIS, & M. MCNULTY. 1997. Kelp forest ecological monitoring 1982-1989. National Park Service, Channel Islands National Park, Technical Report CHIS-97-05, 625 pp. PDF

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SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ASSOCIATION OF MARINE INVERTEBRATE TAXONOMISTS. 1994. A taxonomic listing of soft bottom macroinvertebrates from infaunal monitoring programs in the southern California bight, edition 1, 4 March 1994, 72 pp. PDF

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SPHON, G. G. 1972a. An annotated checklist of the nudibranchs and their allies from the west coast of North America. Opisthobranch Newsletter 4(10-11):53-79. PDF

SPHON, G. G., & J. R. LANCE. 1968. An annotated list of nudibranchs and their allies from Santa Barbara county, California. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, series 4, 36(3):73-84. PDF

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TURNER, T. 1978. Adaptive significance of foot forms and types of locomotion in opisthobranchs, x + 66 pp. M.A. thesis, California State University, Hayward. PDF

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ZAHN, L. A., J. T. CLAISSE, J. P. WILLIAMS, C. M. WILLIAMS, & D. J. PONDELLA II. 2016. The biogeography and community structure of kelp forest macroinvertebrates. Marine Ecology 37(4):770-785. PDF

Additional Info 2

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More Info

iNat Map

Classification Doridina
Rhinophores perfoliate
Body doridiform
Dorsum with conical tubercles
Labial tentacles large & auriculate & extending nearly to edge of dorsum