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BIDENS ANDICOLA H.B.K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4:237 (186). 1820; B. andicola H.B.K. vars. normalis and heterophylla O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 3^II^: I36. 1898; B. fruticulosa Mey. and Walp., Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 19 Supplem. I. 271. 1843.

Descript. amplific.- Herba perennis, semi-procumbens vel etiam erecta, valde hispido-pubescens vel fere glabra, ramosa, 2-8 dm. alta, caulibus parce angulatis. Folia 1-7 cm. longa, valde polymorpha; nunc indivisa, ovata, serrata, sessilia vel alato-petiolata, ad apicem obtusa vel subacuta; nunc tripartite vel 1-3-pinnata foliolis ovatis vel lanceolatis vel linearibus et ad apicem sensim vel abrupte apiculatis. Capitula ramos terminantia, longe pedunculata, radiata; pansa ad anthesin 2-4 vel rarius etiam usque ad 5.5 cm. lata, 0.7-1.4 cm. alta. Involucrum perspicue hispidum, bracteis ex-terioribus 8-10, lanceolatis vel lineari-oblongis, ciliatis, supra saepe glabratis, apice plerumque obtusis, quam interioribus lanceolatis dense hispidis plerumque multo brevioribus. Flores ligulati saepius 8, lutei, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apice plerumque minute 3-denticulati, 1.2-2.5 cm. longi. Achaenia tenuiter linearia, inferne sensim attenuate, obcompresso-quadrangularia, sulcata, supra plus minusve erecto-hispida, fusco-nigra, corpore 0.7-1.4 cm. longa et 0.4-1 mm. lata et paleas demum superantia, apice bi- (vel pauca tri-) aristata, aristis tenuibus, brunneo-stramineis vel rubescentibus, re-trorsum hamosis, 1.7-3 mm. longis.

BIDENS ANDICOLA var. DECOMPOSITA O. Kuntze, I.c.; B. macrantha Griseb., Abhandl. Goett. I9:I38 I874; B. grandiflora Balb. var. breviloba 0. Kuntze, I.c.-Folia 2-3-pinnatisecta, usque ad I dm. longa, achaeniis superne valde attenuato-elongata.

For many years the identity of the South American Bidens andicola has been obscured for herbarium workers by the great multiplicity of foliage forms encountered. WEDDELL, as early as 1856 (Chloris And. 1870) described it as a polymorphous plant ("Plante polymorphe et très repande dans la chaine, mais presque exclusivement alpestre"). Later, OTTO KUNTZE, who like WEDDELL had collected in South America, commented upon the variability of the leaves ("Eine robuste Art mit einfach oder mehrfach ternatisecten Blättern, mittelgrossen gelben Strahlblüthen, ziemlich grossen Blüthenköpfen, äusseren zottig behaarten Involucralbracteen etc., aber in Bezug auf Blatttheilung wie manche andere Bidens-Art sehr variabel"; Rev. Gen. Pl. 3^II^: 136. 1898). In herbaria the numerous foliage forms are seen to simulate corresponding forms of B. triplinervia H.B.K. (B. humilis H.B.K., B. crithmifoliac H.B.K., etc.), and this has led often to confusion between the two species. Recently I was enabled, through the courtesy of OTTO BUCHTIEN (cf. SHEREFF, BOT. GAZ. 76: 151. 1923), to study a great number of specimens collected by him and displaying a wide range of variation. From these (all in Herb. Field. Mus.) and many others, totalling more than two hundred specimens, the preceding descriptions are drawn. It was found that sometimes, in poorly developed material, distinction from B. triplinervia is apparently impossible. In well developed material, however, the distinctions are usually very definite, B. andicola being coarser, its thicker heads having commonly about eight instead of commonly about five rays[4], etc. B. andicola has the paleae shorter than the mature achenes and this character separates it from the surprisingly similar aggregation of Mexican forms (Purpus 1547, 1548, 2637, 4135, 5089, 5620; Rose and Painter 6666, 7949; Pringle 4915; E. W. Nelson 3220, etc.) that in late years have passed erroneously under the name B. daucifolia DC. In the latter[5] the paleae are usually very blackish above and commonly surpass the mature achenes.

Occasionally a form of B. andicola is found with the leaves highly compound and the achenes strongly narrowed above, somewhat like those of Cosmos. If it were not for various connecting forms this would seem to be specifically distinct. KUNTZE, who himself collected specimens of it, referred at least one of them, a plant from Cochabamba, Bolivia (Herb. N.Y. Bot. Gard.) to B. andicola, naming it var. decomposita. In a careless moment he named a precisely identical form from between Cochabamba and Rio Juntas, Bolivia (Herb. N.Y. Bot. Gard.) B. grandiflora Balb. var. breviloba, although B. grandifjora is a Mexican species and is not known to occur in South America.

[4] Unfortunately, B. triplinervia produces at times an 8-rayed form. Discussion of this form must be deferred until a later date.

Sherff, E. E. (1926). Studies in the Genus Bidens. VII. Botanical Gazette, 81(1), 25-54.>>

NUMBER: 20221109
SPECIES: Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896[1]
SPECIMEN: 1 rare all-blue color variant
OTHER NAMES: Atlantic Blue Crab, Chesapeake Blue Crab,
DATE, TIME: 9 November 2022, 3:37 AM
LOCALITY: Near Cobb Island, Chesapeake Bay
LATIDUE, LONGITUDE: 38.254184, -76.841929
DISTRIBUTION: Atlantic and Gulf coasts, from Nova Scotia through the Gulf of Mexico and to Uruguay.
SIMILAR SPECIES: Ornate Blue Crab, Calinectes ornatus Ordway, 1863 appears the same, but adults are smaller than shown, and have 6, not 4 frontial teeth on the carapace.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
<>Anonymous. 2023. Delaware Surf Fishing. This true blue crab is rare. https://www.delaware-surf-fishing.com/this-true-blue-crab-is-rare/#:~:text=A%20completely%20blue%2C%20blue%20claw,only%20commercial%20crabbers%20catch%20them.
<>Boycourt, L. 2018. All-blue Blue Crab-found in York River. Chesapeake Bay Magaine https://chesapeakebaymagazine.com/all-blue-blue-crab-found-in-york-river/
<>Arena, R. 2020. True blue: Rare crab caught near Morgan City [Louisiana]. Louisiana Sportsman. Outdoor Updates. 2 November. https://www.louisianasportsman.com/outdoor-updates/true-blue-rare-crab-caught-near-morgan-city/
<>Castleberry, T. 2019. NC fisherman catches rare all-blue crab. WECT News. https://www.wect.com/2019/07/26/nc-fisherman-catches-rare-all-blue-crab/
<>Dietrich, T. 2018. York River watermen catch rare all-blue Blue Crab. Daily Press. https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-nws-blue-blue-crab-20180806-story.html
<>Malmquist, D. 2018. Once in a blue moon: Crabber catches rare all-blue Blue Crab. William and Marry News Archive. 31 July. https://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2018/once-in-a-blue-moon-crabber-catches-rare-all-blue-blue-crab.php
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2021. The first report of an Albino/Blue Bi-hemispheric Chimera Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, chimera. iNaturalist #93671783, 4 September 2021 (open access) [602].
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2021. Partial albino Blue Crab, Calinectes sapidus Rathbun. iNaturalist #93812431, 5 September 2021 (open access) [603].
<>Williams, E. H. Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2021. Melanistic Blue Crab, Calinectes sapidus Rathbun. iNaturalist #103210867, 17 December (open access), ResearchGate [635].
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023. A rare all-blue Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, in Chesapeake Bay. iNaturalist #???, 12 June 2023 (open access), ResearchGate [849].
<>Williams, E. H., Jr., C. D. Miller, M. J. Dowgiallo, and L. Bunkley-Williams 2022. First indication of pigment incitation due to injury in the Blue Crab, Calinectus sapidus Rathburn. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #???, 22 September (open access), ResearchGate [698]
<>Williams, E. H., Jr., C. D. Miller, M. J. Dowgiallo, and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2022. First report of completely duplicated gonopods, occurring in a Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, in Maryland. iNaturalist #141625605, ResearchGate, 8 November 2022 (open access) [711].
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and usually condensed. The original text is in our reprint #815 and ResearchBase. [2]West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x