Genotype , Epigenetics, and Phenotype
Once in a while, an organism may change coloration, pattern, anatomical/functionality features, or behavior. First-order recessive trait or a change in gene activity and expression, which doesn't impart any new generational genetic composition, may be observed. Wonders of ancestry abound in many different environments. Timeline: The evolution of life(2009). , and a brief view of geological history. Earth formed 4.6 Ga. Super continents: Rodinia(1.1Ba-750 Ma) and Pangea(335 Ma - 177 Ma) = Gondwana(550 Ma- South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, Australia) + Laurasia(North America, Europe, Asia). "In the Early Jurassic, Antarctica was closer to the equator and the world was considerably warmer than today, but the climate was still cool temperate." [1] Jurassic(199.6 to 145.5 Ma) "As the world entered the Cretaceous Period(145.5 Ma - 65.5 Ma), Antarctica was very much situated at or near the South Pole. But at least during a major part of this period, there were no polar ice caps anywhere on Earth. And forests penetrated all the way to the South Pole." [2] Antarctica began separating from Africa 160 Ma, Australia 85 Ma, and ice formed 45.5 Ma . Why does atmospheric CO2 fluctuate up and down?
icroscopic fossils of bacteria-like organisms, single-celled protozoans and algae(~3 Ba) paleontologist Andrew Knoll
Land fungi(1330 Ma):
sponge(890 Ma): Oldest animal
Ctenophores(730 Ma):
Land plants(700 Ma):
Gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods (585 Ma):
After a local tidepool visit http://www.molluscs.at/gastropoda/terrestrial.html.
https://www.snail-world.com/snail-evolution/
Woodlice: http://www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/Woodlice_Info.pdf
Pill bugs: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/pill-bugs-emerged-sea-conquer-earth
Fish(530 Ma):
Land Anthropods(430Ma):
Insects(407 Ma): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_insects
Tetrapods(390 Ma): Panderichthys, Eusthenopteron, Tiktaalik, Acanthostega
Reptiles(350Ma):
Beetles(300 Ma):
Flowering plants(250 -140 Ma);
Flies(250 Ma):
Dinosaurs(247Ma):
Turtles & Crocodiles(220Ma):
Lizards(175Ma):
Birds(150Ma)Modern(100Ma):
Stylommatophora -Land snails and slugs(150 Ma):
Butterflies & Moths(150 Ma): https://www.learnaboutbutterflies.com/Taxonomy%204.htm
https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/science/2018/01/11/worlds-oldest-butterfly-and-moth-fossils-worlds-oldest-butterfly-and-moth-fossils-discovered-200-mil/1024442001/
Hymenoptera(150 Ma): https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0960982217300593?token=D17D86F045C84BACA397C40B4E04F4E07B5F64E281C7BF8CEC64A4D018AD68EE4A8F05F1ED2128261B653CA93D0D403D
Marsupial(140Ma):
Ants(140 Ma): https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/science/key-to-ants-evolution-may-have-started-with-a-wasp.html
Bees(120 Ma): https://sites.google.com/site/hutchingsbeeservice/evolution-of-bees-from-solitary-wasps
Modern primates(75Ma):
Grass(70Ma):
Plesiadapiformes(66Ma):
Whales(>50Ma):
Hominids(6Ma):
Information/Experience(1960s):
Similar exterior characteristics may not always define a particular grouping at its terminal node, but rather at a higher taxonomic level or further sub-node speciation. DNA analysis is helping better describe systematics.
