Proteaceae of southern Africa's Journal

Key to Faurea in Tropical East Africa

• 1' Leaves usually more than 35 mm broad, venation prominent, with coarse curly spreading indumentum always present on the undersurface and sometimes very dense; perianth usually 20-25 mm long .... Faurea rochetiana Broadleaf Beechwood

• 1" Leaves usually less than 35 mm. broad, without curly spreading hairs; perianth less than 15 mm. long ... goto 2
  .

• 2' Leaves distinctly petiolate ... goto 3

• 2" Leaves sessile or subsessile ... goto 4
  .

• 3' Leaves usually 5-6 times longer than broad, sometimes subfalcate, glaucous green beneath; inflorescence terminal, greyish pubescent ... Faurea saligna African Beechwood

• 3" Leaves up to 4 times as long as broad, concolorous, margins undulate, veins red; inflorescence terminal or axillary, shortly rusty pubescent ... Faurea wentzeliana Rift Valley Beechwood
  .

• 4' Leaves usually more than 25 mm broad, almost entirely glabrous except for a few long weak hairs towards base on lower surface ... Faurea delevoyi River Beechwood

• 4" Leaves usually not more than 25 mm broad, with both appressed and spreading hairs, especially on the undersurface ... goto 4
  .

• 5' Leaves broadest in the lower half, suddenly contracted at the base, with appressed grey hairs towards base of midrib on the upper surface; flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate; penanth up to 13 mm long .... Faurea arborea Montane Beechwood
• 5" Leaves broadest near the middle, gradually tapered to the base, with dense spreading hairs towards base of midrib on upper surface; flowers sessile; perianth ± 9 mm Iong ... Faurea intermedia Smallflower Beechwood

Fossil pollen resolves origin of the South African Proteaceae as transcontinental not transoceanic
B B. Lamont, T He and RM. Cowling 2023
Annals of Botany XX: 1–10, 2023 https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcad055,

Key Results
Our collation of the rich assemblage of Proteaceae palynomorphs stretching back to 107 Ma (Triorites africaensis) in North-West Africa showed its progressive overland migration to the Cape by 75–65 Ma.
No key palynomorphs recorded in Australia–Antarctica have morphological affinities with African fossils but specific clade assignment of the pre-Miocene records is not currently possible.
The Cape Proteaceae encompass three molecular-based clades (tribes) whose most recent apparent ancestors are sisters to those in Australia.
However, our chronogram shows that the major Adenanthos/Leucadendron-related clade, originating 54–34 Ma, would have ‘arrived’ too late as species with Proteaceae affinities were already present ~20 million years earlier.
The Franklandia/Protea-related clade arose 118–81 Ma so its distinctive pollen should have been the foundation for the scores of palynomorphs recorded at 100–80 Ma, but it was not. Also, the prevailing winds and ocean currents trended away from South Africa rather than towards, as the ‘out-of-Australia’ hypothesis requires.
Based on the evidence assembled here, we list three points favouring an Australian origin and nine against; four points favouring an Antarctic origin and seven against; and nine points favouring a North-West-Central African origin and three against.

• Conclusions
... a gradual migration of the Proteaceae from North-West-Central Africa southeast→south→southwest to the Cape and its surroundings occurred via adaptation and speciation during the period 95–70 Ma.
... incorrect conclusions may be drawn from literal interpretations of molecular phylogenies that neglect the fossil record and do not recognize the possible confounding effects of selection under matched environments leading to parallel evolution and extinction of bona fide sister clades.

Emily Morris is doing a master’s thesis at the University of Cambridge, focusing on improvements to species distribution models for monitoring biodiversity. She is particularly interested in occurrence data from 2015 onwards due to the other variables she will be using during modelling (i.e. satellite and remote data).

She would love to use our Proteaceae data, but will only deal with Research Grade observations.
We need volunteers please to check the data and get them to research grade if possible.

This means we have 6000 observationsthat need to be confirmed or re-evaluated.

Please help here:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/identify?order_by=random&verifiable=any&project_id=131416&place_id=any
(you might find it easier to do genus, by genus: just put in the genus into the taxon box of the filter bar.)
((forgotten how to use the ID/curation tool: short refresher here: https://vimeo.com/246153496)

No need to flag me: I have been through them already. Just leave a comment if you think I can assist and I will see it.

• Please mark up any planted plants as "cultivated/captive"
• For observations of different species on different photographs, please add the project https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/multiple-species-per-observation and identify as "Life" (it is OK to have lots of species on one photo!)
• Please feel free to query an identification that you dont agree with.

Can we aim for getting this cleared by the end of February?

Your help will be gratefully appreciated.

Thanks
Tony

We would also like subspecies identified. These can be done here:

Protea: 130 observations
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/identify?place_id=113055&quality_grade=needs_id%2Cresearch%2Ccasual&lrank=species&taxon_ids=442611,129721,428528,521002
Leucadendron: 86 observations
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/identify?place_id=113055&quality_grade=needs_id%2Cresearch%2Ccasual&lrank=species&taxon_ids=322651,589066,570584,568455,589071,563598
Other:620 observations
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/identify?place_id=113055&quality_grade=needs_id%2Cresearch%2Ccasual&lrank=species&taxon_ids=119196,583692,320039,460165,589136,569228

You might have noticed a few older observations of proteas popping out the the woodwork. Many of these are due to the AI identifying these thanks to the ministrations of @jeanphilippeb and his projects, of which https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/unknown-proteaceae is pertinent to us here.

You can find more of @jeanphilippeb's ideas here:
https://www.inaturalist.org/journal/jeanphilippeb/73398-draft-for-creating-projects-for-unknown-observations

So is it working?
Before we evaluate, we have to admit that we have no idea how many Proteaceae are being missed (false negatives). So we can only evaluate the positive identifications, without any notion as to which species, features or situations are being missed.

OK: so to date 822 observations have been retrieved from the forgotten or trashed pile.
I have been through them (you can too: here - https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/identify?quality_grade=casual%2Cresearch%2Cneeds_id&verifiable=any&project_id=152984&place_id=any ) and we have:

• 137 observations are still not Proteaceae. But

• 54 are Proteaceae but are either Multiple Observations (with different pictures of many species) or are Proteaceae with correct identifications but conflicting community identifications due to alternative incorrect identifications, or are clearly Proteaceae but some other organism is the focus of the ID (e.g. a sunbird on a pincushion). You can help resolve these by clicking here
  So approximately 14% are False Positives - identifications as Proteaceae when they were not

So 86% correct is quite something. (how many exams did you get 85% for at school?)

What were they?

For southern Africa 300 observations comprized 117 species, with these dominating:
16 Leucadendron laureolum × salignum Safari Sunset and Similar Cultivars
12 Leucadendron salignum Common Sunshine Conebush
11 Brabejum stellatifolium Wild Almond
9 Protea caffra caffra Common Sugarbush
9 Leucadendron rubrum Spinning-top Conebush
8 Protea nitida Wagon Tree
7 Faurea saligna African Beechwood
7 Leucadendron laureolum Golden Conebush
7 Aulax umbellata Broadleaf Featherbush
7 Leucospermum × hybridum Pincushion Hybrids
6 Leucadendron argenteum Silvertree
6 Leucospermum cordifolium The Pincushion
6 Protea repens Common Sugarbush
5 Protea laurifolia Grey Sugarbush
5 Leucadendron xanthoconus Sickleleaf Conebush
5 Protea roupelliae Silver Sugarbush
5 Leucadendron galpinii Hairless Conebush

Note that these are among the most commonly recorded species. So is the AI only identifying the common species and the rarer species are slipping through the cracks? Probably not, given that we have 117 species. But it does suggest, perhaps, that the observations were overlooked due to workload and random issues, rather than that people are having difficulties with some species and thus "ignoring" them, (Of course, the AI has not been trained on the rare species so they may still be in the unidentified pile, but hopefully as the AI gets trained, and as more records of species are received, these will be detected at a later date).
Some 57 identifiers have been involved, but many of these were to "plant" so how many of these contributed anything valuable to the ultimate identification is difficult to evaluate. Remember that despite these higher IDs, these observations were not identified until they were rescued by the AI.
Some 286 (95%) are identified to species or lower, and most of the remainder require an agreement to move them to species level. So those that are proteas are easily idenitifiable - it is not that they are problematic observations for identification.

Outside of southern Africa, we have the complication that I dont really know the Australian species well. We also have the complication that the AI is trained on southern African Proteaceae, so wont detect the Australian species anyway. Still we do have some species as alien invaders or as garden plants, so the AI is aware of those and will identify them.

We have 286 observations of 25 species.

• 83 observations were only made to generic level as follows:
  65 Grevillea Grevilleas
  11 Banksia Banksias
  4 Macadamia Macadamias
  2 Stenocarpus Firewheels
  1 Telopea Waratahs

• 203 were identified to species (by 4 identifiers)
  61 Leucadendron laureolum × salignum Safari Sunset and Similar Cultivars
  42 Leucospermum × hybridum Pincushion Hybrids
  32 Grevillea robusta Silky Oak
  15 Protea × hybrida Sugarbush Hybrids
  11 Leucospermum cordifolium × patersonii High Gold and Derived Cultivars
  7 Protea cynaroides King Protea
  4 Leucadendron argenteum Silvertree
  4 Hakea drupacea Sweet Needlebush
  4 Leucadendron discolor × gandogeri Cloudbank Jenny
  4 Leucospermum lineare × reflexum Brandi Dela Cruz
  4 Leucadendron × hybridum Conebush Hybrids
  3 Leucadendron laureolum × strobilinum Goldstrike
  2 Banksia ericifolia Heath-leaved Banksia
  1 each of Stenocarpus sinuatus Firewheel Tree, Adenanthos sericeus Woolly Bush, Embothrium coccineum Chilean Fire Bush, Ls cordifolium The Pincushion, Pr laurifolia Grey Sugarbush, Se florida Blushing Bride, Au umbellata Broadleaf Featherbush, Ld galpinii Hairless Conebush, Ld eucalyptifolium Gumleaf Conebush, Ls mundii Langeberg Pincushion

As above this more or less mirrors the abundance of species recorded so far on iNaturalist, so there are no real surprizes here. What is important to remember is that the AI is not trained on hybrids, so it is detected the hybrids "in error" for other species in the family. Note how many hybrids feature near the top!
Note also that Greviilles and Banksia are also very popular.

253 of these were from the USA (235 82% from California), 9 from Europe, 8 from South America, 0 from Australia.

Note that the paucity of identifiers is interesting. Proteas feature prominently in gardens, and there are hybridization schemes producing new cultivars in Hawaii (and California?), so it is surprizing that there are so few identifiers. On the other hand, perhaps horticulturalists do not use iNaturalist and therefore wont be aware of the ID gap.

So all in all, a great fishing expedition! The AI tool is certainly most useful in pulling lost observations from oblivion, and I can see it becoming an essential and eventually a standard tool for assisting with identifications.

It is worth noting that 361 (62% of the 586 Proteaceae) are marked casual. It is thus not entirely unexpected that these were not identified as they are not in the Needs ID queue and thus easily overlooked. .
Some 162 are Needs ID (28%) and 38 Research Grade (6%) You can help with getting observations to Research Grade here

A high-quality chromosome-scale assembly of the P. cynaroides genome has been published.

Chang, J., Duong, T.A., Schoeman, C., Ma, X., Roodt, D., Barker, N., Li, Z., Van de Peer, Y. and Mizrachi, E. (2022), The genome of the King Protea, Protea cynaroides. Plant J. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.16044

The king protea (Protea cynaroides), an early-diverging eudicot, is the most iconic species from the Megadiverse Cape Floristic Region, and the national flower of South Africa. Perhaps best known for its iconic flower head, Protea is a key genus for the South African horticulture industry and cut-flower market. Ecologically, the genus and the family Proteaceae are important models for radiation and adaptation, particularly to soils with limited phosphorus bio-availability.
Here, we present a high-quality chromosome-scale assembly of the P. cynaroides genome as the first representative of the fynbos biome. We reveal an ancestral whole-genome duplication event that occurred in the Proteaceae around the late Cretaceous that preceded the divergence of all crown groups within the family and its extant diversity in all Southern continents. The relatively stable genome structure of P. cynaroidesis invaluable for comparative studies and for unveiling paleopolyploidy in other groups, such as the distantly related sister group Ranunculales. Comparative genomics in sequenced genomes of the Proteales shows loss of key arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis genes likely ancestral to the family, and possibly the order.
The P. cynaroides genome empowers new research in plant diversification, horticulture and adaptation, particularly to nutrient-poor soils.

As of end of November we have for the Proteaceae of southern Africa:

• 87,000 observations for 508 species, subspecies and hybrids.

These comprise:
• 87.8% Research Grade
• 7.0% Needs ID
• 5.2% Casual (planted or missing media).

Needs ID comprise the following categories:

• 65 observations that are only identified to family. These are mostly due to conflicts in identification. Please see if you can help resolve these:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?lrank=family&place_id=any&project_id=131416&quality_grade=needs_id&subview=map&verifiable=any

• 1,107 observations identified only to generic level. There should be none in this category, so please see if you can help push them to research grade.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/identify?verifiable=any&project_id=131416&lrank=genus&hrank=subfamily&place_id=any

• 3,900 observations have already been identified to species, but just need to be pushed to Research Grade. Please see if you can help here:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/identify?verifiable=any&project_id=131416&hrank=species&place_id=any

Having more or less completed identifying 75,000 observations of Proteas, the question is how many are incorrectly identified from other areas. This is all that can explain some funny Protea identifications (misleading the AI), so I decided to tackle the problem.

What a job!! If you are interested please help or join in: see here:
https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/cape-proteas-found-across-the-world
Even if you only know one cultivar, why not search through and identify them.

How are you doing on your quest to recording all the Proteaceae in southern Africa?

You can see what you still need to get here:
https://www.inaturalist.org/lifelists/YOU?details_view=unobservedSpecies&tree_mode=full_taxonomy&taxon_id=64517&place_id=113055

(substitute your user_name for YOU - leave the question mark)

The AI tool on iNaturalist (where you place the cursor in the ID box and iNat tells you what the species is) is really useful. Alas the AI is only trained on observatoins with 100 verifiable observations.

So, as of the latest update (Apr 2022), the following species can be identified by the AI.

Aulax cancellata, pallasia, umbellata
Brabejum stellatifolium
Diastella divaricata, proteoides, thymelaeoides
Faurea rochetiana, saligna
Grevillea robusta
Hakea drupacea, gibbosa, salicifolia, sericea
Leucadendron arcuatum, argenteum, conicum, coniferum, elimense, eucalyptifolium, galpinii, gandogeri, glaberrimum, lanigerum, laureolum, levisanus, linifolium, meridianum, microcephalum, modestum, muirii, nitidum, platyspermum, pubescens, rubrum, salicifolium, salignum, sessile, spissifolium, strobilinum, teretifolium, tinctum, uliginosum, xanthoconus
Leucospermum calligerum, conocarpodendron, cordifolium, cuneiforme, gracile, heterophyllum, hypophyllocarpodendron, lineare, oleifolium, patersonii, pedunculatum, praecox, prostratum, reflexum, truncatulum, wittebergense
Mimetes cucullatus, fimbriifolius, hirtus, pauciflorus
Orothamnus (none)
Paranomus abrotanifolius, bolusii, bracteolaris, dispersus
Protea acaulos, amplexicaulis, aspera, aurea, burchellii, caffra, compacta, cordata, coronata, cynaroides, eximia, glabra, grandiceps, laevis, lanceolata, laurifolia, lepidocarpodendron, longifolia, lorifolia, magnifica, montana, mundii, neriifolia, nitida, obtusifolia, punctata, repens, roupelliae, scabra, scolopendriifolia, scolymocephala, scorzonerifolia, speciosa, subvestita, susannae, welwitschii
Serruria aemula, aitonii, ascendens, elongata, fasciflora, foeniculacea, glomerata, hirsuta, kraussii, pedunculata, phylicoides, rubricaulis, trilopha , villosa
Sorocephalus (none)
Spatalla curvifolia, racemosa
Vexatorella (none)

Note the three genera that have no species that qualify!
Note the AI does not do hybrids (which is a pity: one really needs help with some of the Protea cultivars), so Leucadendron laureolum × salignum which does qualify for inclusion, is not in the training.
Unfortunately, the AI does not do subspecies, so although we have good data for many of these, they are not included.

The following are "low-hanging" fruit, and it would be nice if we could include them in the next round of AI training next year. If you have easy access to these species or can organize field trips to them, then please prioritize them. They have 80-99 observations so we need on average 10 observations of them.

Diastella fraterna
Leucadendron album 98, corymbosum, dregei 88, laxum
Leucospermum bolusii, gueinzii 86, parile, rodolentum 96, truncatum
Mimetes argenteus 94, chrysanthus 99
Paranomus dregei
Protea nana, simplex 96, subulifolia, witzenbergiana 97
Serruria acrocarpa, brownii, decipiens, 'ludwigii'
Spatalla confusa

(April 2022: Updated 1 October 2022 - with numbers for those below 100)

These will need a far more concerted effort, but with more than 50 observations we should visit them more frequently! Please plan visits to see these: they are quite worth the visit.
But 50 more observations (double what we have) will be a tall task over the year, but some of them are quite doable if we visit areas in which they are common. If you are looking for exotic destinations, then why not explore these species?

Leucadendron brunioides, daphnoides, dubium, floridum, loranthifolium, macowanii 97, procerum, stellare, thymifolium, verticillatum
Leucospermum glabrum, grandiflorum, pluridens, tottum,.vestitum
Paranomus sceptrum-gustavianus
Protea acuminata, canaliculata, cryophila, effusa, gaguedi, lacticolor, lorea , piscina, recondita, rupicola, tenax, venusta
Serruria cyanoides, cygnea, florida 87, fucifolia, gremialis 91, inconspicua 89, nervosa
Sorocephalus lanatus
Spatalla mollis, parilis, setacea

(April 2022: Updated 1 October 2022 - strikeout those with over 100, and numbers for those approaching 100)

These species have 25-49 observations. Please look out for them, and if you are able to make trips into their ranges, please especially look out for them. Many are Red List species (or upcoming invasive aliens), so please make notes on threats and numbers seen:

Banksia ericifolia, integrifolia
Faurea macnaughtonii
Grevillea banksii
Leucadendron barkerae, chamelaea, cinereum, concavum, diemontianum, discolor, ericifolium, loeriense, meyerianum, nervosum, nobile, pondoense, pubibracteolatum, stelligerum
Leucospermum catherinae, , erubescens,, gerrardii, muirii, mundii, praemorsum, royenifolium, tomentosum
Mimetes capitulatus, hottentoticus, saxatilis, splendidus, stokoei
Orothamnus zeyheri
Paranomus lagopus, longicaulis, reflexus, roodebergensis, spicatus, tomentosus
Protea angustata, caespitosa, decurrens, denticulata, dracomontana, foliosa, humiflora, odorata, parvula, pudens, scabriuscula, stokoei, sulphurea, vogtsiae
Serruria bolusii, candicans, collina, decumbens, effusa, flagellifolia, furcellata, heterophylla, linearis, rosea, rostellaris, triternata
Spatalla barbigera, ericoides, incurva, squamata
Stenocarpus sinuatus
Telopea speciosissima
Vexatorella obtusata

All those that have only been recorded 6-25 times are worthy of extra notes and special visits. Why not spice up your next trip by trying to record these species:

Diastella buekii, myrtifolia, parilis
Faurea galpinii
Grevillea rosmarinifolia
Leucadendron burchellii, comosum, cordatum, coriaceum, crassulifolium, flexuosum, foedum, globosum, immoderatum, olens, orientale, radiatum, remotum, roodii, rourkei, sericeum, sheilae, singulare, sorocephalodes
Leucospermum cordatum, formosum, fulgens, harpagonatum, innovans, saxosum, spathulatum, utriculosum, winteri
Macadamia integrifolia
Mimetes arboreus, palustris
Paranomus adiantifolius, capitatus, centaureoides, esterhuyseniae, nova, spathulatus
Protea aristata, comptonii, convexa, holosericea, inopina, intonsa, laetans, mucronifolia, pendula, pityphylla, pruinosa, restionifolia, revoluta, rubropilosa
Serruria altiscapa, balanocephala, confragosa, deluvialis, dodii, flava, gracilis, incrassata, lacunosa, leipoldtii, meisneriana, millefolia, 'ontongskopense' , 'piketbergensis', pinnata, rebeloi, reflexa, scoparia, stellata, williamsii
Sorocephalus claviger, imbricatus, pinifolius
Spatalla caudata,longifolia, nubicola, propinqua
Vexatorella alpina, amoena

And lastly. The Super Rares. Please make a very special effort to try and visit these species over the coming year. These have all only been recorded 5 or fewer times.

Faurea recondita
Leucadendron bonum, cadens, cryptocephalum, gydoense, osbornei, tradouwense
Leucospermum arenarium, hamatum, profugum, saxatile, secundifolium
Paranomus candicans
Protea angolensis, curvata, humifusa, inyanganiensis, namaquana, nubigena
Serruria roxburghii, viridifolia, zeyheri
Sorocephalus alopecurus, capitatus, scabridus,,tenuifolius, teretifolius
Spatalla argentea, colorata, prolifera, tulbaghensis
Vexatorella latebrosa

And at only 1 observation:

Leucadendron grandiflorum Wynberg Conebush [extinct - illustration type]
Leucadendron spirale Wolseley Conebush[extinct - illustration of type]
Protea asymmetrica Inyanga Sugarbush
Protea enervis Chimanimani Sugarbush
Protea flavopilosa Morro Sugarbush
Spatalla salsoloides Kinky Spoon
Spatalla thyrsiflora Swanneck Spoon

Not yet recorded:
Cape
Sorocephalus crassifolius Flowerless Powderpuff
Sorocephalus palustris Mat Powerpuff
Sorocephalus scabridus × Spatalla caudata (intergeneric hybrid!)

Tropics
Faurea rubriflora Manica Beechwood
Protea argyrea Shaba Sugarbush
Protea dekindtiana Bimbe Sugarbush
Protea kibarensis Kibara Sugarbush
Protea matonchiana Matonchi Sugarbush
Protea ongotium Ongote Sugarbush
Protea praticola Mbogo Sugarbush
Protea rubrobracteata Redbract Sugarbush

Any comments or queries?

Maps are a fun way of looking at distributions, and in may cases can be a good way of double-checking identifications and detecting new localities (and garden plants).
Over the next few months as we start cleaning up the identifications, we can start checking and exploring our localities.
There is no particular order, and it will depend on queries coming in.
Have fun.

Featherbushes Aulax
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=567148,577744,580852#9/-34/19

Wild Almond Brabejum
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=560519#8/-33/21

Silkypuffs Diastella
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=583689,119197,119195,566324,583690,583690,583691,571309,598697,598698#9/-34/19

Beechwoods Faurea
• s Afr:
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=428367,192380,183411,585801,1033205,1033201#6/-25/27

Needlebushes Hakea
• s Afr:
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=321137,363485,341634,321136#8/-32.939/22.539

Conebushes Leucadendron
Nutty Conebushes
• Arid Conebushes:
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=589085,426196,705598,589048,186155#8/-32.711/20.969
• Crown Conebushes:
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=589068,589067,589051,1114203,600072,563599,600074#9/-33.765/19.781
• Kouga & Uniflor Conebushes:
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=589091,589092,570292,569785#9/-33.677/22.956
• Pineapple Conebushes:
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=589057,570300,589100#9/-33.948/19.582
• Ridgeseed Conebushes:
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=450128,589088#10/-32.869/19.295
• Sandveld Conebushes:
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=322653,322652,589052,589054,589056,589062,567953,571303,589072,589094,589097#8/-32.579/21.374
• Silkyruff Conebushes:
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=589078#10/-34.039/20.341
• Silver Conebushes:
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=186157,426201,589061,186154#8/-33.364/20.725
• Stigmatic Sunconebushes:
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=589098,589047,589055,589079,589083,589099,589049#8/-34/22
• Western Sunconebushes:
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=589090,589089,589086,589076,589074,589069,600076,600075,589059#8/-33.073/19.83
Wingseed Conebushes
• Brownbract Conebushes:
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=589077#10/-34.103/19.487
• Deltaseed Conebushes:
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=570585,600083,568583,589087,589084,589082,589075,589073,467688,568482#7/-32.337/24.724
• Needleleaf Conebushes:
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=600071,600070,589070,570047,439616,589080,589081,589093,589096#8/-33.868/22.063
• Shale Sunshine Conebushes:
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=600077,600078,589095,563597#9/-34.01/19.739
• Spindly & Narrowleaf Sunshine Conebushes (exl Ld salignum):
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=426179,589065,589064,334672,589060,521000,320316#8/-33.082/19.289
• Broadleaf Sunshine Conebushes (excl Ld spissifolium):
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=439617,527596,560277,568586,589063,589058#8/-33.515/21.781
• Common Sunshine Conebush (Ld salignum):
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=5664788#8/-32.863/22.234
• Common Spearleaf Conebushes (Ld spissifolium):
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=568454,600082,600081,600080,600079#7/-32.732/24.109

Pincushions Leucospermum
• Cylindrical Pincushions
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=553433,589132,589124,426218#6/-26.971/28.905
• Fireworks Pincushions
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=418700,578526,589121,589120,589117,589115#7/-33.416/21.118
• Flat (Turban) Pincushions
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=589131,320045,589126,589119#9/-33.789/20.442
• Hook & Arid Pincushions
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=589122,589123,589133#9/-34.008/21.102
• Louse Pincushions
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=460160,460162,570148,589128,589130,431227,567143,589139,533351#8/-32.981/21.487
• Sandveld Pincushions
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=460166,460167,589127,322649,589135#8/-33.5/18.5
• Showy Pincushions
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=589138,600087,600086,431228,431229,320030,566330#8/-33.267/19.172
• Tree Pincushions
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=320041,320040,460164,467679#8/-34.185/21.592
• Widetube Pincushions
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=589114,589116,589118,589125,320038,589129,589134,460168,589137#8/-33.444/21.087

Pagodas Mimetes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=571186,590024,590023,568483,590022,426238,119224,119216,532040,440714,429909,567829,440713#8/-34/22

Marsh Rose Orothamnus
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=566320#11/-34.2/19

Sceptres Paranomus
• Common Sceptres
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=591407,591406,1063484,591401,528596,591397,591396,591395,591394,591392#8/-33.5/20
• Cornflower Scepters
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=591400,591399,591398#9/-33.5/22.5
• Elongate Sceptres
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=591405,591404,591403,591402,566353,591393#8/-33.5/22.5

Sugarbushes Protea
Tropical & Highveld:
• Doll Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=637302,637343,596496,637350,596494,603679#6/-13.079/30.267
• Grassveld Sugarbushes (see also Shaving Brush)
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=592540,637340,592529,592527,637301,637298,637373,592512,129723,637333,129722,1033651,600842,566289#5/-18.106/30.283
• Moorland Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=637305,637304,637330,637295#6/-16.183/29.718
• Mountain Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=428528,442613,442614,442615,507322,592537,596493#5/-9.059/19.494
• Savanna Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=592547,637303,637335,637300,637352,568506,637296,637297,637327#4/-14.499/37.903
Cape:
• Beard Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=592523,567828,568963,410762,568962,592520,418569,592514,567028,567832#8/-33.068/22.872
• Bishop Sugarbush
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=637393#11/-34.042/19.273
• Dwarf Tufted Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=592539,574598,574546,592531,568133,568544#8/-33.095/20.69
• Eastern Ground Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=592546,592544,592524,592517,592513
• King Sugarbush
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=132848#8/-33.695/22.607
• Penduline Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=571063,592542,592535,592530,592526#8/-32.479/19.804
• Rodent Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=592505,567150,592511,592515,592541#9/-34/21
• Rose Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=592548,566623,592532,569351,592508,129711#8/-32.922/20.809
• Shale Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=592528,592525#10/-33.452/18.994
• Shaving Brush Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=567013,515952,592516,577926#8/-33.139/21.76
• Snow Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=592510,592522,592533,592538,567937#9/-33/21
• Spoonbract Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=565953,320042,515589,592521,1178113,467686,592534,592543,521001,600843#6/-31.119/23.511
• True Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=355849,431493,592507#8/-32.896/22.423
• Western Ground Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=129713,592506,592509,592519,592536#8/-32.969/19.111
• White Water Sugarbushes
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=600841,442612,592518,568942,431492,405256,592545#8/-33.022/22.736

Spiderheads Serrurria
Compound Heads
• Pin Spiderheads
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=594488,594486,594467,594465,574777,594451#9/-33.865/20.454
• Curly Spiderheads
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=594482,594481,594473,119205,594455,594452,594448,119258,734177#8/-33.358/19.264
• Stalked & Tulbagh Spiderheads
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=571183,594487,594469,594468,531638,594453,594446#8/-33.009/19.051
• Whipleaf Spiderheads
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=563590,594459,594456,594477#9/-34.398/19.261
Capitate Heads
• Stalkless Spiderheads
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=566080,594480,594472,594464,594449#8/-33.083/19.097
• Paw Spiderheads
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=733766,119260,119255,594447,571320,594457,594458,594460,563594,594462,594466,594475,594478,594483#8/-32.857/20.212
• Skirted Spiderheads
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=594485,594484,594479,594476,567827,594470,594463,717391,594461,734009,503953,594454,119259,733842#9/-34.029/19.185

Powerpuffs Sorocephalus
• Northern Powerpuffs
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=594613,594611,566352,594609#10/-33/19.2
• Southern Powerpuffs
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=566350,566351,594612,566354,1033012,566349#11/-34.17/19.4

Spoons Spatalla
• Triplespoons
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=594626,594633,594636,556803,594629,594635,594631#9/-33.238/20.949
• Unispoons (ples)
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=556798,556799,594634,594632#9/-33.941/20.295
• Unispoons (der)
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=594627,594628,566317,594630,556801,556797,556805,566323#9/-34.022/20.771

Vexators Vexatorella
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/map?taxa=569227,596001,596002,601553,569229#8/-32/20