Second Project Update, 25 Nov 2023

Hello Everyone,

Here’s another update from the Lepidoptera Nectar Plants Project. Thanks once again to all for adding your observations to the project. I know many of you have taken particular interest in the two Lepidoptera projects, and have gone back and added years’ worth of your observations to them. Also, special thanks to those who have not only added their own observations but also others’ observations to the project. All your efforts have led to the data that has enabled this update.

We had initially intended this update for end of October, but it got delayed by a month. In hindsight, I am only glad about the delay because we could include many more observations and take in ideas and inputs from many. We’d like to thank Siddharth (@siddarthmachado), Radha (@radhaveach), Dinesh (@dineshvalke), Shiwalee (@shiwalee) and Chandra (@csbandi) for their numerous suggestions, plant identifications and feedback. Thanks also to Roger (@hkmoths), Haneesh (@haneesh) and Veena (@veenas) for their keen interest in these Plant-Lepidoptera interactions and for their ideas and feedback after the last update (and elsewhere). We’ve worked on as many of those inputs as we could here and have planned others for later when we have more observations to work with. We welcome more ideas from all.

The data used for the update was downloaded on 25 November. We have close to 3000 total observations covering more than 260 Lepidoptera species and 330 Plant groups from 47 different plant families. However, while 3000 observations are not insignificant, we can only imagine the scope of the project when we have hundreds of thousands of observations under it (there are more than 580,000 Lepidoptera observations on iNat). Any effort towards adding more observations, old and new, would be appreciated.

Let’s begin by looking at a map of all the observations so far. This time, we’ve included Lepidoptera Species count as well. We've gathered observations from more parts of the country since the last update, and there are many more to be added.

Here are some Plant Genera that Lepidoptera were observed interacting most commonly with. We’ve included the top plant genera with at least 20 observations.

Next are some plant species that Lepidoptera were observed interacting most commonly with. We’ve categorized plant species based on whether they are ‘Native’, ‘Introduced’ or ‘Invasive’. The same colours are used in other plots where plant establishment means are showcased.

Up next is the number of Lepidoptera observations seen at Plant Family level. From the previous plot, we can see the few plants that contribute heavily to these numbers.

Here are the most commonly seen Lepidoptera Species. We’ve included species with at least 20 observations.

Up next are the total observations seen at Lepidoptera Family level:

Lepidoptera Family-wise interactions with the top plants (total number of observations, and including any plant with at least ten observations). We are probably beginning to see some trends in nectar plant 'selection' at the family level? And this may have to do with traits that are unique to the group, including perhaps length of proboscis or access to nectar, habitat/range of the species, etc? This comparison will be interesting in future updates. Numbers in parentheses are the total number of observations per Lepidoptera Family.

Next up, Moth species and their Plant interactions seen so far. We need to look out for and add many more moth observations.

Here are the top few Lepidoptera Species and the number of Unique Plant Genera they were seen interacting with:

The following plots were based on Gaurav's (@gs5) idea of also wanting to see Lepidoptera Species and not only Total Observations against some of the top plants, both at Plant Genus and Family level. The idea was to see how many unique Lepidoptera groups (species, genera, occasionally tribe) interact with the plants, and what Lepidoptera species overlap, for example, between Lantana or Tridax and Leea.

See the network plot below between Lantana and Leea, as an example; there are some species that overlap, many that don't. Of course, we may not have enough data at the moment to see interactions at this level, or there are other biases at play including the fact that Leea are far more common in the Western Ghats while Lantana are widespread and often thrive in the drier regions too. Eventually, it'll be good if we can see whether Lantana is in any way more "favourable" when compared to other native plant species (specific plant traits such as abundance of plant, flower colour, flowering duration, etc may play a role?). And try and understand the underlying factors influencing Lantana-Lepidoptera interactions aside from the prevalence of the group, and if Lantana (at least the 'invasive' species) are "replaceable". 3000 observations may not be sufficient to do this but imagine this with about 100,000 observations.

In this network plot, the Lepidoptera are categorized at their family level. For those unfamiliar with such plots, it may seem confusing or messy initially, but the Lepidoptera in the middle are those that were observed drawing nectar from both Lantana and Leea. In the future, we’ll try some similar comparisons but perhaps at more specific regional levels, and/or more ‘Introduced’ vs ‘Native’ plant interactions.

A couple more network plots of the top Lepidoptera-Plant interactions, one at Plant Family level and the other at Plant Genus/Species. These plots are inherently messy, but I hope they showcase the inter-connectedness within the interactions.

And another network of the three Metro regions (I’ve taken the liberty here to combine the two Paraganas around the Kolkata region, sorry). This is just to demonstrate the interactions, and the potential for such comparisons when there’s more data.

Thanks to inputs from many, we have some ideas that we would like to work on going forward. These include further documenting Plant Establishment data. We’d also like to try and study how Lepidoptera ‘select’ the plants they visit for nectar, and see whether Plant Traits (flower colour, etc) play a role in this. We’d like to understand Lepidoptera habitats and distribution better too, and map these interactions against habitat categories (Urban/Non-Urban/Wild Forests/Scrub/Grassland/Aquatic/Desert). A lot of this can be done in the background by building a database of sorts, and without additional documentation by the observer.

However, we think it is important to understand whether plants that are being ‘selected’ by Lepidoptera are Cultivated or Growing in the Wild, especially in urban/semi-urban spaces. For this data, we’ll need the observer to document whether the plant is cultivated or not, to the best of their understanding. This can be accomplished by an additional ‘Observation Field’ along with the existing one for the Nectar Plant. We understand the limitations in adding observation fields from the iNat app, but this data might be useful and provide us with another means to look at these interactions. I’d welcome any inputs from the community, and to know if you’re okay with this additional step.

In the longer term, and including larval host plants, we’d like to work on a database that allows anyone to feed in a location (Mumbai, Kolkata, etc) or Insect name (Junonia, etc) and get a list of all the Plants (categorized by their establishment status) that occur in the region and those that support that group of insects. This database would work from the Plants' perspective too; we could input a Plant name, and get results for all the Insects that the plant supports. This may help plan our gardens better, or simply know what the right kind of plants may be to grow wherever we are. Such a database has a lot of potential to be tied to other insect groups, and so on. This would, of course, make sense when we have a lot more data.

As with the previous update, I’m including a full table of all the data at the end, this time grouped by the Plant status- Native, Introduced + Invasive, and plant groups that cannot be or haven’t yet been categorized.

If you made it this far (congrats!), please let us know if you have any thoughts and questions, any other ideas for us to try (and if possible, we’ll add them to this update itself), or give us feedback in general.

Native Plants' Interactions
Adenosma indiana, 1	Clerodendrum infortunatum, 15	Glycosmis pentaphylla, 1	Millettia pinnata, 16	Pogostemon quadrifolius, 3
Pseudozizeeria maha	Catopsilia pomona	Baorini	Borbo cinnara	Euchromia polymena
Adelocaryum coelestinum, 1	Danaus genutia	Grona triflora, 1	Catochrysops strabo	Macroglossum
Parantica aglea	Eurema hecabe	Zizina otis	Catopsilia pomona	Tirumala septentrionis
Allium tuberosum, 2	Hypolimnas bolina	Hellenia speciosa, 3	Euploea core	Premna, 1
Cigaritis vulcanus	Junonia atlites	Euploea core	Hasora chromus	Graphium agamemnon
Suastus gremius	Leptosia nina	Rathinda amor	Hydrillodes	Premna serratifolia, 1
Alstonia scholaris, 10	Pachliopta aristolochiae	Udaspes folus	Jamides bochus	Euploea core
Baorini	Pachliopta pandiyana	Impatiens balsamina, 3	Lampides boeticus	Pterocarpus marsupium, 1
Delias eucharis	Papilio clytia	Hebomoia glaucippe	Leptotes plinius	Pachliopta hector
Euploea klugii	Papilio demoleus	Papilio agenor	Pelopidas	Rotala malampuzhensis, 1
Graphium agamemnon	Papilio polytes	Parantica aglea	Prosotas dubiosa	Helicoverpa armigera
Graphium doson	Pareronia hippia	Impatiens minor, 1	Prosotas nora	Rotheca serrata, 1
Hasora chromus	Pelopidas agna	Eurema hecabe	Tajuria cippus	Cupitha purreea
Hypolimnas bolina	Quedara basiflava	Indigofera, 2	Talicada nyseus	Ruellia prostrata, 1
Moduza procris	Troides minos	Freyeria putli	Telicota bambusae	Zizula hylax
Pachliopta aristolochiae	Clerodendrum paniculatum, 17	Leptotes plinius	Zesius chrysomallus	Santalum album, 2
Tirumala limniace	Catopsilia pomona	Ipomoea parasitica, 1	Millingtonia hortensis, 1	Amata cyssea
Alternanthera sessilis, 12	Delias eucharis	Papilio polytes	Troides minos	Euploea core
Castalius rosimon	Hebomoia glaucippe	Ixora coccinea, 12	Mitragyna parvifolia, 1	Sapindus laurifolius, 1
Chilades lajus	Menelaides	Catopsilia pomona	Euploea core	Bibasis jaina
Eretmocera impactella	Pachliopta aristolochiae	Gangara thyrsis	Momordica charantia, 1	Senegalia catechu, 1
Euchrysops cnejus	Pachliopta pandiyana	Graphium agamemnon	Eurema hecabe	Rapala manea
Jamides celeno	Papilio agenor	Luthrodes pandava	Momordica dioica, 1	Sesamum indicum, 2
Junonia lemonias	Papilio buddha	Pachliopta aristolochiae	Tirumala limniace	Pareronia hippia
Luthrodes pandava	Papilio clytia	Papilio agenor	Moringa oleifera, 1	Vanessa cardui
Neptis hylas	Papilio daksha	Papilio demoleus	Chilades lajus	Sida cordata, 1
Spoladea recurvalis	Papilio dravidarum	Papilio paris	Murdannia, 1	Arnetta vindhiana
Tarucus balkanica	Papilio liomedon	Papilio polytes	Zizula hylax	Sida rhombifolia, 2
Zizina otis	Papilio paris	Pareronia hippia	Murraya koenigii, 6	Hypolimnas misippus
Zizula hylax	Papilio polytes	Pelopidas	Acraea terpsicore	Leptotes plinius
Alysicarpus ovalifolius, 1	Pelopidas	Troides minos	Appias lyncida	Strobilanthes callosa, 3
Zizina otis	Rathinda amor	Justicia gendarussa, 2	Catopsilia pomona	Chrysodeixis eriosoma
Alysicarpus vaginalis, 1	Troides minos	Catopsilia pomona	Cephrenes acalle	Macroglossum
Zizina otis	Coccinia grandis, 3	Talicada nyseus	Delias eucharis	Sarangesa
Asystasia gangetica, 4	Hebomoia glaucippe	Kleinia grandiflora, 1	Graphium doson	Tabernaemontana divaricata, 12
Celaenorrhinus leucocera	Ixias pyrene	Danaus chrysippus	Murraya paniculata, 1	Baorini
Junonia lemonias	Pareronia hippia	Leea asiatica, 1	Pygospila tyres	Gangara thyrsis
Papilio crino	Colebrookea oppositifolia, 1	Caleta decidia	Mussaenda frondosa, 5	Graphium agamemnon
Tirumala limniace	Appias albina	Leea indica, 25	Catopsilia pomona	Hyarotis adrastus
Azadirachta indica, 3	Combretum indicum, 3	Acytolepis puspa	Cigaritis vulcanus	Junonia atlites
Appias albina	Hasora badra	Bindahara phocides	Papilio demoleus	Lampides boeticus
Cepora nerissa	Macroglossum	Caleta decidia	Pareronia ceylanica	Luthrodes pandava
Graphium doson	Crotalaria pallida, 3	Caprona ransonnettii	Tirumala limniace	Papilio demoleus
Barleria cristata, 5	Euchrysops cnejus	Castalius rosimon	Neolamarckia cadamba, 2	Pareronia ceylanica
Ancistroides nigrita	Jamides bochus	Celaenorrhinus leucocera	Moduza procris	Parnara bada
Eurema hecabe	Lampides boeticus	Cigaritis lohita	Pelopidas	Rapala manea
Gangara thyrsis	Crotalaria retusa, 1	Danaus genutia	Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, 2	Udaspes folus
Pareronia hippia	Hasora chromus	Deudorix epijarbas	Dysphania percota	Tectona grandis, 1
Barleria prionitis, 1	Cyanthillium cinereum, 13	Hasora badra	Parantica aglea	Cirrochroa thais
Hebomoia glaucippe	Catopsilia pyranthe	Hypolimnas bolina	Ocimum tenuiflorum, 2	Tephrosia purpurea, 6
Basella alba, 3	Colotis amata	Ixias pyrene	Danaus genutia	Acraea terpsicore
Acraea terpsicore	Eurema blanda	Jamides celeno	Luthrodes pandava	Castalius rosimon
Graphium doson	Eurema brigitta	Junonia atlites	Oldenlandia corymbosa, 1	Catochrysops strabo
Leptosia nina	Hesperiinae	Junonia iphita	Zizeeria karsandra	Euchrysops cnejus
Biophytum, 1	Jamides bochus	Junonia lemonias	Operculina ventricosa, 1	Eurema blanda
Leptosia nina	Leptotes plinius	Leptosia nina	Pelopidas	Potanthus
Blumea lacera, 1	Luthrodes pandava	Nacaduba berenice	Ophiorrhiza mungos, 2	Terminalia catappa, 1
Jamides celeno	Neopithecops zalmora	Neptis hylas	Jamides alecto	Sarbena
Boerhavia diffusa, 2	Oriens gola	Parnara bada	Oriens goloides	Torenia crustacea, 1
Azanus ubaldus	Pseudozizeeria maha	Pelopidas mathias	Orthosiphon rubicundus, 1	Luthrodes pandava
Eurema hecabe	Talicada nyseus	Talicada nyseus	Udaspes folus	Tragia involucrata, 1
Bridelia stipularis, 2	Telicota bambusae	Telicota bambusae	Parasopubia delphiniifolia, 1	Ariadne ariadne
Euchromia polymena	Dicliptera paniculata, 1	Tirumala limniace	Taractrocera maevius	Trianthema portulacastrum, 1
Tirumala limniace	Eurema hecabe	Udaspes folus	Pavonia, 1	Zizula hylax
Cajanus scarabaeoides, 1	Eranthemum pulchellum, 2	Leea macrophylla, 3	Eurema blanda	Trichodesma indicum, 1
Eurema brigitta	Danaus genutia	Discolampa ethion	Pavonia odorata, 2	Pelopidas
Calotropis gigantea	Papilio polytes	Oriens gola	Papilio polytes	Urena lobata, 7
Danaus chrysippus	Eranthemum purpurascens, 3	Tagiades litigiosa	Potanthus	Acraea terpsicore
Catunaregam spinosa, 2	Danaus genutia	Lepidagathis cuspidata, 1	Pergularia daemia, 1	Danaus chrysippus
Badamia exclamationis	Papilio polytes	Sarangesa dasahara	Tirumala limniace	Delias eucharis
Phalanta phalantha	Prosotas nora	Leucas aspera, 6	Persicaria longiseta, 1	Euchrysops cnejus
Causonis trifolia, 1	Eranthemum roseum, 1	Cigaritis vulcanus	Acytolepis puspa	Pachliopta aristolochiae
Junonia atlites	Hebomoia glaucippe	Jamides celeno	Persicaria runcinata, 1	Parantica aglea
Chassalia curviflora, 1	Evolvulus alsinoides, 2	Potanthus	Parantica sita	Tirumala limniace
Graphium agamemnon	Colotis etrida	Sarangesa purendra	Phyla nodiflora, 5	Celaenorrhinus ambareesa
Chrozophora rottleri, 3	Junonia lemonias	Suastus gremius	Acraea terpsicore	Vigna radiata, 1
Appias libythea	Excoecaria agallocha, 1	Taractrocera ceramas	Ampittia dioscorides	Jamides celeno
Castalius rosimon	Parthenos sylvia	Ligustrum robustum, 1	Chilades lajus	Vigna vexillata, 1
Euchrysops cnejus	Gloriosa superba, 6	Jamides alecto	Euchrysops cnejus	Baorini
Cipadessa baccifera, 4	Catopsilia pyranthe	Luffa aegyptiaca, 1	Zizeeria karsandra	Vitex negundo, 2
Appias albina	Pachliopta aristolochiae	Parnara bada	Plumbago zeylanica, 3	Badamia exclamationis
Phalanta phalantha	Papilio polytes	Melochia corchorifolia, 1	Papilio polytes	Tirumala limniace
Prosotas nora	Pareronia hippia	Parnara	Tirumala limniace	Ziziphus oenopolia
Rapala manea	Tagiades litigiosa		Udaspes folus	Hypolimnas bolina

Introduced (orange) and "Invasive" (red) Plants' Interactions
Acmella repens, 1	Cosmos caudatus, 1	Lantana camara, 79	Parthenium hysterophorus, 8	Papilio polytes
Eurema hecabe	Euploea core	Acraea terpsicore	Acraea terpsicore	Parantica aglea
Acmella uliginosa, 2	Cosmos sulphureus, 16	Anthene lycaenina	Amata cyssea	Pareronia hippia
Aeromachus pygmaeus	Aethaloessa calidalis	Appias libythea	Belenois aurota	Tagiades gana
Ampittia dioscorides	Catopsilia pomona	Ariadne ariadne	Colotis amata	Tirumala limniace
Adenium obesum, 1	Danaus chrysippus	Ariadne merione	Lampides boeticus	Tirumala septentrionis
Borbo cinnara	Euploea core	Badamia exclamationis	Papilio demoleus	Stachytarpheta mutabilis, 1
Aerva, 1	Graphium agamemnon	Baorini	Spialia galba	Papilio daksha
Cigaritis	Graphium sarpedon	Belenois aurota	Zizeeria karsandra	Synedrella nodiflora, 4
Ageratum conyzoides, 2	Hypolimnas bolina	Borbo cinnara	Passiflora vesicaria, 1	Leptosia nina
Euploea midamus	Jamides bochus	Caprona ransonnettii	Castalius rosimon	Luthrodes pandava
Sarangesa dasahara	Junonia atlites	Catochrysops strabo	Pentas lanceolata, 1	Parantica aglea
Allamanda, 1	Junonia lemonias	Catopsilia pomona	Papilio agenor	Zizula hylax
Hypolimnas bolina	Luthrodes pandava	Catopsilia pyranthe	Petrea volubilis, 2	Tagetes erecta, 4
Allium cepa, 1	Parantica aglea	Cepora nerissa	Pareronia hippia	Hypolimnas bolina
Talicada nyseus	Pareronia hippia	Cethosia mahratta	Tirumala septentrionis	Papilio buddha
Alternanthera bettzickiana, 1	Pelopidas	Charaxes solon	Pithecellobium dulce, 1	Potanthus
Aeromachus	Tirumala limniace	Chilades parrhasius	Prosotas nora	Tirumala septentrionis
Alternanthera ficoidea, 12	Vindula erota	Cirrochroa thais	Pluchea indica, 2	Tagetes patula, 2
Belenois aurota	Cucurbita maxima, 1	Colotis amata	Colotis amata	Danaus genutia
Castalius rosimon	Hyarotis adrastus	Danaus chrysippus	Tarucus	Parantica aglea
Chilades lajus	Cuphea, 9	Danaus genutia	Podranea ricasoliana, 1	Tecoma stans, 1
Graphium doson	Aeromachus pygmaeus	Delias eucharis	Gangara thyrsis	Rapala manea
Junonia atlites	Eurema blanda	Deudorix epijarbas	Portulaca grandiflora, 1	Thunbergia erecta, 1
Pseudozizeeria maha	Hymenia perspectalis	Elymnias hypermnestra	Euploea core	Papilio agenor
Spoladea recurvalis	Junonia lemonias	Euchrysops cnejus	Pseuderanthemum maculatum, 7	Tithonia rotundifolia, 4
Tarucus	Leptosia nina	Euploea	Catopsilia pomona	Pachliopta aristolochiae
Tarucus balkanica	Luthrodes pandava	Euploea core	Catopsilia pyranthe	Papilio clytia
Ypthima huebneri	Papilio polytes	Euploea klugii	Eurema hecabe	Papilio polytes
Zizeeria karsandra	Talicada nyseus	Eurema	Hasora chromus	Tirumala limniace
Zizina otis	Ypthima huebneri	Eurema hecabe	Hypolimnas bolina	Tribulus terrestris, 2
Anacardium occidentale, 2	Cuphea hyssopifolia, 6	Euthalia lubentina	Junonia lemonias	Gomalia elma
Gerosis bhagava	Eurema hecabe	Euthalia nais	Parthenos sylvia	Spoladea recurvalis
Tajuria cippus	Heliophorus sena	Graphium agamemnon	Pseudomussaenda flava, 9	Tridax, 30
Angelonia salicariifolia, 1	Iambrix salsala	Graphium doson	Catopsilia pomona	Acraea terpsicore
Catopsilia pomona	Luthrodes pandava	Graphium teredon	Colotis amata	Aglais caschmirensis
Antigonon leptopus, 4	Talicada nyseus	Hasora badra	Euchrysops cnejus	Appias libythea
Cigaritis ictis	Zizula hylax	Hasora chromus	Graphium agamemnon	Belenois aurota
Danaus chrysippus	Cyathocline purpurea, 2	Hebomoia glaucippe	Graphium doson	Castalius rosimon
Euploea core	Graphium teredon	Hesperiinae	Ixias pyrene	Celastrina lavendularis
Jamides celeno	Junonia atlites	Hypolimnas bolina	Macroglossum	Cepora nerissa
Arachnothryx leucophylla, 3	Dahlia coccinea, 4	Hypolimnas misippus	Papilio polytes	Danaus chrysippus
Catopsilia pomona	Cirrochroa thais	Jamides bochus	Pelopidas mathias	Euchrysops cnejus
Pelopidas conjuncta	Danaus chrysippus	Junonia almana	Richardia, 4	Euploea core
Pelopidas mathias	Pachliopta aristolochiae	Junonia atlites	Acraea terpsicore	Eurema blanda
Asclepias curassavica, 7	Papilio clytia	Junonia iphita	Belenois aurota	Eurema hecabe
Catopsilia pomona	Delonix regia, 2	Junonia lemonias	Cepora nerissa	Gomalia elma
Danaus chrysippus	Ariadne merione	Lampides boeticus	Euchrysops cnejus	Graphium doson
Danaus genutia	Delias eucharis	Leptosia nina	Ruellia simplex, 2	Heliophorus sena
Euploea core	Duranta erecta, 16	Leptotes plinius	Ancistroides nigrita	Hypolimnas misippus
Jamides celeno	Appias albina	Luthrodes pandava	Hebomoia glaucippe	Junonia almana
Tirumala limniace	Appias libythea	Macroglossum	Salvia farinacea, 4	Junonia atlites
Tirumala septentrionis	Catochrysops strabo	Macroglossum stellatarum	Badamia exclamationis	Junonia lemonias
Bougainvillea, 6	Catopsilia pomona	Melanitis leda	Catopsilia	Junonia orithya
Catopsilia pomona	Colotis amata	Moduza procris	Catopsilia pomona	Leptosia nina
Papilio agenor	Danaus genutia	Mycalesis	Graphium agamemnon	Luthrodes pandava
Papilio clytia	Euchrysops cnejus	Neptis hylas	Samanea saman, 15	Pachliopta hector
Papilio demoleus	Eurema	Pachliopta aristolochiae	Appias albina	Pieris canidia
Papilio polytes	Eurema hecabe	Pachliopta hector	Belenois aurota	Talicada nyseus
Pareronia hippia	Graphium agamemnon	Papilio agenor	Catopsilia pomona	Tarucus
Caesalpinia pulcherrima, 15	Junonia iphita	Papilio clytia	Catopsilia pyranthe	Tarucus balkanica
Castalius rosimon	Leptosia nina	Papilio demoleus	Delias eucharis	Tirumala limniace
Catopsilia pomona	Leptotes plinius	Papilio polytes	Graphium agamemnon	Ypthima huebneri
Danaus chrysippus	Parantica aglea	Parantica aglea	Graphium doson	Zizeeria karsandra
Delias eucharis	Pelopidas	Pareronia hippia	Hebomoia glaucippe	Tridax procumbens, 46
Euploea core	Tirumala limniace	Parnara	Hypolimnas bolina	Acraea terpsicore
Graphium agamemnon	Eclipta prostrata, 3	Pelopidas	Hypolimnas misippus	Ampittia dioscorides
Junonia almana	Luthrodes pandava	Pelopidas mathias	Junonia iphita	Baorini
Junonia atlites	Zizeeria karsandra	Phalanta phalantha	Junonia lemonias	Borbo cinnara
Pachliopta aristolochiae	Zizina otis	Prioneris sita	Neptis jumbah	Castalius rosimon
Pachliopta hector	Ehretia microphylla, 5	Prosotas dubiosa	Papilio demoleus	Catopsilia pomona
Papilio agenor	Baorini	Rapala manea	Papilio polytes	Catopsilia pyranthe
Papilio demoleus	Eurema hecabe	Spilomelinae	Senna occidentalis, 3	Cepora nerissa
Papilio polytes	Hasora badra	Suastus gremius	Azanus ubaldus	Chilades lajus
Pareronia hippia	Junonia atlites	Telicota	Jamides bochus	Chilades parrhasius
Tirumala limniace	Lampides boeticus	Tirumala limniace	Pachliopta hector	Cigaritis vulcanus
Calliandra haematocephala, 1	Euphorbia hirta, 1	Tirumala septentrionis	Sida acuta, 3	Colotis amata
Gangara thyrsis	Luthrodes pandava	Troides minos	Eurema brigitta	Colotis etrida
Calyptocarpus vialis, 1	Galinsoga, 1	Vanessa cardui	Eurema hecabe	Danaus chrysippus
Talicada nyseus	Pseudozizeeria maha	Zizeeria karsandra	Leptotes plinius	Eretmocera impactella
Catharanthus roseus, 9	Galphimia glauca, 1	Lantana montevidensis, 8	Sphagneticola trilobata, 46	Euchrysops cnejus
Baorini	Catopsilia pomona	Catopsilia pomona	Acytolepis puspa	Euploea core
Borbo cinnara	Gomphrena globosa, 19	Euploea core	Aethaloessa calidalis	Eurema brigitta
Delias eucharis	Acraea terpsicore	Eurema hecabe	Ampittia dioscorides	Eurema hecabe
Hyarotis adrastus	Appias libythea	Graphium doson	Appias albina	Eurema laeta
Matapa aria	Catochrysops strabo	Jamides bochus	Baorini	Hypolimnas misippus
Papilio clytia	Catopsilia pomona	Junonia iphita	Bocchoris inspersalis	Ixias marianne
Papilio demoleus	Danaus chrysippus	Parantica aglea	Caleta decidia	Jamides bochus
Papilio polytes	Euchrysops cnejus	Parnara bada	Castalius rosimon	Jamides celeno
Pareronia hippia	Eurema blanda	Lantana strigocamara, 3	Catopsilia pomona	Junonia almana
Celosia argentea, 17	Eurema hecabe	Badamia exclamationis	Catopsilia pyranthe	Junonia atlites
Caleta decidia	Everes lacturnus	Delias eucharis	Chilades lajus	Junonia hierta
Danaus chrysippus	Jamides celeno	Papilio polytes	Coladenia indrani	Junonia lemonias
Danaus genutia	Junonia atlites	Libidibia coriaria, 1	Colotis amata	Junonia orithya
Delias eucharis	Junonia hierta	Hypolimnas bolina	Danaus chrysippus	Luthrodes pandava
Euchrysops cnejus	Junonia lemonias	Lippia alba, 3	Danaus genutia	Pachliopta hector
Euploea core	Leptosia nina	Cepora nerissa	Euchrysops cnejus	Parnara bada
Euploea klugii	Leptotes plinius	Neopithecops zalmora	Euploea core	Pelopidas mathias
Eurema brigitta	Luthrodes pandava	Papilio polytes	Eurema hecabe	Phalanta phalantha
Eurema hecabe	Neptis hylas	Macroptilium atropurpureum, 1	Eurema laeta	Prosotas dubiosa
Junonia almana	Phalanta phalantha	Jamides bochus	Hymenia perspectalis	Pseudozizeeria maha
Junonia iphita	Tirumala limniace	Malachra, 1	Hypolimnas bolina	Spoladea recurvalis
Junonia lemonias	Gomphrena serrata, 1	Spoladea recurvalis	Hypolimnas misippus	Talicada nyseus
Phalanta phalantha	Tarucus balkanica	Malachra capitata, 3	Jamides bochus	Taractrocera maevius
Sarangesa purendra	Hamelia patens, 12	Acraea terpsicore	Jamides celeno	Tarucus balkanica
Spialia galba	Catopsilia pomona	Eurema	Stachytarpheta, 46	Tarucus nara
Tarucus	Danaus chrysippus	Junonia atlites	Acraea terpsicore	Tirumala limniace
Tirumala limniace	Graphium agamemnon	Mecardonia procumbens, 1	Baorini	Ypthima asterope
Cestrum diurnum, 14	Graphium doson	Euchrysops cnejus	Borbo	Zizeeria karsandra
Anthene lycaenina	Hebomoia glaucippe	Merremia hederacea, 4	Castalius rosimon	Zizina otis
Badamia exclamationis	Ixias pyrene	Delias eucharis	Catopsilia pomona	Zizula hylax
Catopsilia pomona	Junonia lemonias	Eurema hecabe	Catopsilia pyranthe	Turnera subulata, 1
Danaus chrysippus	Miltochrista	Junonia atlites	Celaenorrhinus ambareesa	Pachliopta hector
Danaus genutia	Neptis hylas	Tirumala limniace	Cephonodes hylas	Turnera ulmifolia, 10
Euploea core	Papilio polytes	Mesosphaerum suaveolens, 6	Danaus genutia	Baorini
Eurema	Prosotas nora	Danaus chrysippus	Delias eucharis	Catopsilia pomona
Graphium agamemnon	Tirumala septentrionis	Eurema blanda	Doleschallia bisaltide	Euchrysops cnejus
Graphium doson	Heliotropium indicum, 10	Eurema hecabe	Euploea core	Euploea core
Hasora chromus	Celaenorrhinus ambareesa	Jamides celeno	Euploea klugii	Eurema hecabe
Parantica aglea	Danaus chrysippus	Pachliopta hector	Eurema hecabe	Eurema laeta
Pelopidas mathias	Danaus genutia	Pyrausta	Graphium agamemnon	Jamides bochus
Phalanta phalantha	Danaus melanippus	Mikania micrantha, 23	Hasora badra	Jamides celeno
Tirumala limniace	Euploea core	Acraea terpsicore	Hebomoia glaucippe	Junonia atlites
Chromolaena odorata, 23	Euploea sylvester	Amata	Hypolimnas bolina	Udaspes folus
Acytolepis puspa	Parantica melaneus	Athyma perius	Ixias marianne	Vigna unguiculata, 1
Castalius rosimon	Talicada nyseus	Catopsilia pomona	Ixias pyrene	Euchrysops cnejus
Catochrysops strabo	Tirumala limniace	Danaus chrysippus	Junonia almana	Vinca, 2
Catopsilia pomona	Utetheisa pulchelloides	Danaus melanippus	Junonia atlites	Papilio demoleus
Cethosia cyane	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, 8	Delias eucharis	Junonia hierta	Polytremis lubricans
Cigaritis vulcanus	Catopsilia pomona	Deudorix epijarbas	Junonia iphita	Waltheria indica, 1
Danaus chrysippus	Catopsilia pyranthe	Dysphania percota	Leptosia nina	Pachliopta aristolochiae
Danaus genutia	Papilio agenor	Euchromia polymena	Macroglossum	Zinnia elegans, 12
Danaus melanippus	Papilio buddha	Graphium doson	Pachliopta aristolochiae	Appias albina
Delias eucharis	Papilio demoleus	Hypolimnas bolina	Pachliopta hector	Catopsilia pomona
Delias hyparete	Papilio paris	Hypolycaena erylus	Papilio agenor	Catopsilia pyranthe
Deudorix epijarbas	Papilio polytes	Junonia almana	Papilio clytia	Cigaritis ictis
Euploea core	Pareronia hippia	Junonia atlites	Papilio crino	Delias eucharis
Euploea sylvester	Hyptis, 5	Luthrodes pandava	Papilio demoleus	Eurema blanda
Eurema blanda	Euchrysops cnejus	Moduza procris	Papilio polytes	Graphium agamemnon
Hasora badra	Eurema blanda	Pantoporia hordonia	Pareronia hippia	Graphium doson
Junonia iphita	Eurema hecabe	Phalanta phalantha	Parnara bada	Hypolimnas bolina
Leptosia nina	Pachliopta hector	Rapala manea	Pelopidas	Junonia iphita
Papilio clytia	Tirumala limniace	Tajuria cippus	Pelopidas agna	Pelopidas mathias
Papilio polytes	Ixora finlaysoniana, 1	Tirumala limniace	Pelopidas conjuncta	Tirumala limniace
Rapala manea	Troides minos	Tirumala septentrionis	Tagiades gana
Tagiades japetus	Jasminum polyanthum, 5	Mimosa pudica, 5	Tagiades japetus
Tirumala limniace	Euploea klugii	Azanus ubaldus	Talicada nyseus
Citharexylum spinosum, 1	Junonia iphita	Junonia almana	Telicota bambusae
Catopsilia pomona	Papilio polytes	Neptis hylas	Telicota colon
Cleome rutidosperma, 3	Pareronia hippia	Tirumala limniace	Tirumala limniace
Appias libythea	Udaspes folus	Tirumala septentrionis	Tirumala septentrionis
Eurema hecabe	Jatropha gossypiifolia, 2	Muntingia calabura, 4	Udaspes folus
Luthrodes pandava	Appias libythea	Cepora nerissa	Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, 21
Cleome viscosa, 2	Eretmocera impactella	Graphium doson	Acraea terpsicore
Ampittia dioscorides	Jatropha integerrima, 7	Hasora chromus	Belenois aurota
Eurema hecabe	Catopsilia pomona	Jamides celeno	Catopsilia pomona
Clitoria ternatea, 3	Delias eucharis	Mussaenda erythrophylla, 1	Cephonodes hylas
Celaenorrhinus ambareesa	Euploea core	Hebomoia glaucippe	Colotis amata
Junonia lemonias	Eurema blanda	Nerium oleander, 5	Danaus chrysippus
Papilio demoleus	Graphium agamemnon	Belenois aurota	Delias eucharis
Cosmos, 7	Luthrodes pandava	Daphnis nerii	Eurema blanda
Catopsilia pomona	Tirumala limniace	Eretmocera	Eurema hecabe
Danaus genutia	Jatropha podagrica, 1	Euploea core	Junonia atlites
Junonia atlites	Tirumala limniace	Jamides bochus	Junonia orithya
Phalanta phalantha	Lagascea mollis, 3	Oxalis corniculata, 1	Macroglossum gyrans
Pontia edusa	Acraea terpsicore	Pseudozizeeria maha	Pachliopta aristolochiae
Talicada nyseus	Danaus chrysippus	Oxalis debilis, 1	Pachliopta hector
Tirumala septentrionis	Eurema brigitta	Eurema hecabe	Papilio clytia

Unclassified Plants' Interactions
Acacia, 7	Cassia, 1	Papilio agenor	Tirumala limniace	Rhododendron, 1
Chilades lajus	Catopsilia pomona	Papilio clytia	Tirumala septentrionis	Caltoris tulsi
Cigaritis	Catharanthus, 4	Papilio demoleus	Troides helena	Scoparia dulcis, 1
Cigaritis ictis	Catopsilia pomona	Pareronia ceylanica	Troides minos	Chilades lajus
Deudorix epijarbas	Pachliopta hector	Troides minos	Vagrans	Senecio, 1
Euploea core	Papilio demoleus	Hygrophila, 1	Vagrans egista	Junonia iphita
Prosotas nora	Pareronia hippia	Papilio polytes	Vanessa indica	Senegalia, 3
Rapala manea	Celosia, 7	Impatiens, 8	Vindula erota	Azanus ubaldus
Acanthaceae, 1	Argynnis hyperbius	Caprona ransonnettii	Lantana hybrida, 1	Colotis phisadia
Junonia almana	Borbo cinnara	Jamides alecto	Eurema brigitta	Tagiades gana
Acmella, 10	Catopsilia pyranthe	Menelaides	Leea, 27	Sesbania, 1
Acytolepis puspa	Hasora chromus	Papilio agenor	Appias albina	Eurema hecabe
Aeromachus pygmaeus	Hypolimnas misippus	Papilio polytes	Arnetta vindhiana	Sida, 10
Ampittia dioscorides	Junonia hierta	Pareronia hippia	Caleta decidia	Danaus genutia
Caleta decidia	Junonia orithya	Potanthus	Caprona ransonnettii	Eurema hecabe
Catochrysops strabo	Chromolaena, 3	Tagiades litigiosa	Catopsilia pomona	Eurema laeta
Euchrysops cnejus	Asota sericea	Ipomoea, 4	Catopsilia pyranthe	Jamides celeno
Eurema blanda	Cethosia cyane	Borbo cinnara	Cephrenes acalle	Junonia lemonias
Eurema hecabe	Euchromia polymena	Chilades lajus	Cepora nerissa	Leptosia nina
Jamides celeno	Cirsium, 3	Luthrodes pandava	Cigaritis lohita	Pachliopta aristolochiae
Zizina otis	Borbo cinnara	Udaspes folus	Cigaritis vulcanus	Pachliopta hector
Aeschynomene, 1	Delias eucharis	Ipomopsis, 1	Cirrochroa thais	Spoladea recurvalis
Eurema hecabe	Euploea core	Notocrypta	Danaus genutia	Zizula hylax
Ageratum, 5	Citrus latifolia, 1	Ixora, 19	Deudorix epijarbas	Sida ulmifolia, 1
Cigaritis vulcanus	Papilio demoleus	Caltoris	Eurema hecabe	Junonia atlites
Danaus chrysippus	Clausena, 1	Euploea core	Graphium agamemnon	Smithia, 1
Hesperiinae	Eretmocera	Gangara thyrsis	Graphium doson	Zizeeria karsandra
Lyssa zampa	Cleome, 2	Graphium agamemnon	Halpe porus	Solidago, 5
Parantica aglea	Appias libythea	Hebomoia glaucippe	Hypolimnas bolina	Catopsilia pomona
Alternanthera, 29	Gomalia elma	Junonia almana	Iambrix salsala	Junonia iphita
Aeromachus pygmaeus	Cleome houtteana, 1	Luthrodes pandava	Junonia atlites	Junonia lemonias
Ampittia dioscorides	Pareronia hippia	Pachliopta aristolochiae	Junonia iphita	Symbrenthia
Azanus jesous	Clerodendrum, 12	Pachliopta hector	Megisba malaya	Vanessa indica
Azanus ubaldus	Baorini	Papilio agenor	Phalanta phalantha	Spermacoce exilis, 4
Castalius rosimon	Graphium agamemnon	Papilio clytia	Suastus gremius	Aeromachus pygmaeus
Cepora nerissa	Pachliopta aristolochiae	Papilio demoleus	Taractrocerini	Oriens goloides
Chilades lajus	Papilio daksha	Papilio helenus	Telicota bambusae	Polyommatina
Colotis amata	Papilio polytes	Papilio polytes	Udaspes folus	Taractrocera ceramas
Eurema hecabe	Pareronia ceylanica	Parantica aglea	Leucas, 5	Spermacoceae, 3
Gomalia elma	Pareronia hippia	Tagiades litigiosa	Acraea terpsicore	Junonia lemonias
Junonia almana	Pelopidas	Troides helena	Catopsilia pyranthe	Neopithecops zalmora
Junonia atlites	Tagiades litigiosa	Troides minos	Graphium teredon	Ypthima asterope
Junonia iphita	Troides	Vanessa cardui	Pachliopta hector	Sphagneticola, 7
Junonia lemonias	Troides minos	Jacquemontia, 1	Taractrocera ceramas	Caleta roxus
Junonia orithya	Vindula erota	Eurema blanda	Libidibia, 2	Jamides celeno
Leptosia nina	Clerodendrum calamitosum, 1	Jasminum, 3	Hypolimnas bolina	Junonia almana
Papilio demoleus	Junonia lemonias	Eurema blanda	Tirumala limniace	Junonia atlites
Papilio polytes	Clerodendrum phlomidis, 1	Junonia atlites	Ligustrum, 2	Junonia iphita
Parnara bada	Papilioninae	Papilio polytes	Odontoptilum angulata	Junonia lemonias
Pseudozizeeria maha	Clitoria, 1	Jatropha, 2	Vindula erota	Tirumala limniace
Spialia galba	Gangara thyrsis	Catopsilia pyranthe	Liliaceae, 1	Stylosanthes, 1
Talicada nyseus	Convolvulaceae, 1	Graphium agamemnon	Ixias pyrene	Castalius rosimon
Taractrocera ceramas	Jamides bochus	Justicia, 12	Lippia, 1	Tabernaemontana, 1
Taractrocera maevius	Crotalaria, 4	Acytolepis puspa	Danaus chrysippus	Papilio clytia
Tirumala limniace	Celaenorrhinus fusca	Castalius rosimon	Luffa, 4	Tagetes, 19
Ypthima huebneri	Danaus chrysippus	Chilades lajus	Hasora badra	Ampittia dioscorides
Zizeeria karsandra	Tirumala limniace	Cigaritis vulcanus	Hypolimnas bolina	Appias libythea
Zizina otis	Tirumala septentrionis	Eurema brigitta	Parnara	Argynnis hyperbius
Zizula hylax	Croton, 1	Iambrix salsala	Pelopidas mathias	Catopsilia pomona
Amaranthaceae, 1	Spoladea recurvalis	Ixias pyrene	Mentha, 1	Cethosia biblis
Danaus chrysippus	Cryptostegia, 1	Junonia hierta	Tirumala septentrionis	Danaus chrysippus
Amaryllidaceae, 1	Papilio polytes	Megisba malaya	Mesosphaerum, 5	Euploea klugii
Prorodes mimica	Cucurbita, 1	Neopithecops zalmora	Belenois aurota	Herpetogramma
Aster, 1	Pseudocoladenia dan	Parantica aglea	Danaus genutia	Herpetogramma basalis
Delias eucharis	Cucurbitaceae, 4	Ypthima asterope	Eurema brigitta	Junonia atlites
Asteraceae, 29	Baorini	Kalanchoe, 1	Pachliopta aristolochiae	Junonia iphita
Aeromachus pygmaeus	Borbo cinnara	Graphium agamemnon	Pachliopta hector	Junonia lemonias
Belenois aurota	Graphium doson	Kleinia petraea, 4	Mikania, 1	Neptis jumbah
Borbo cinnara	Leptotes plinius	Danaus chrysippus	Junonia lemonias	Nyctemera lacticinia
Caltoris philippina	Curcuma inodora, 1	Euploea core	Mitracarpus, 3	Parantica aglea
Catopsilia pomona	Udaspes folus	Nyctemera coleta	Catopsilia pyranthe	Parnara
Cigaritis vulcanus	Cyanthillium, 1	Tirumala limniace	Spialia galba	Tirumala limniace
Colias fieldii	Talicada nyseus	Lantana, 77	Taractrocera maevius	Tirumala septentrionis
Colotis danae	Desmodium, 1	Acraea terpsicore	Mussaenda, 1	Vanessa indica
Danaus genutia	Luthrodes pandava	Acytolepis puspa	Papilio clytia	Tecoma, 2
Euploea mulciber	Dianthus, 1	Appias libythea	Ocimum, 19	Gangara thyrsis
Eurema hecabe	Luthrodes pandava	Appias lyncida	Appias albina	Troides minos
Graphium agamemnon	Dodonaea viscosa, 1	Ariadne merione	Castalius rosimon	Tribulus, 1
Hypolimnas bolina	Hypolimnas bolina	Baorini	Catochrysops strabo	Spoladea recurvalis
Hypolimnas misippus	Duranta, 2	Borbo cinnara	Chilades lajus	Tricholepis, 1
Issoria issaea	Aporia agathon	Caltoris	Chilades parrhasius	Tirumala septentrionis
Junonia almana	Parantica aglea	Caltoris kumara	Danaus chrysippus	Trichosanthes, 1
Junonia atlites	Echinacea, 3	Catopsilia	Eretmocera	Pareronia hippia
Junonia hierta	Jamides bochus	Catopsilia pomona	Eretmocera impactella	Trifolium, 2
Junonia iphita	Lepidoptera	Catopsilia pyranthe	Eurema hecabe	Aglais caschmirensis
Junonia lemonias	Talicada nyseus	Celaenorrhinus leucocera	Graphium agamemnon	Pieris brassicae
Junonia orithya	Ecliptinae, 4	Cepora nerissa	Jamides bochus	Turnera, 3
Leptotes plinius	Junonia atlites	Cethosia cyane	Junonia atlites	Acraea terpsicore
Oriens goloides	Luthrodes pandava	Cirrochroa thais	Lampides boeticus	Eurema hecabe
Papilio demoleus	Pseudozizeeria maha	Coliadinae	Leptotes plinius	Suastus gremius
Parantica aglea	Talicada nyseus	Colotis amata	Luthrodes pandava	Urena, 5
Taractrocera maevius	Erigeron, 1	Cupha erymanthis	Pelopidas	Borbo cinnara
Tarucus	Spialia galba	Danaus chrysippus	Spoladea recurvalis	Catopsilia pyranthe
Tirumala limniace	Eupatorieae, 10	Danaus genutia	Tajuria cippus	Pareronia hippia
Tirumala septentrionis	Baorini	Delias acalis	Talicada nyseus	Pieris canidia
Barleria, 1	Celaenorrhinus	Delias eucharis	Orchidaceae, 1	Sarangesa dasahara
Papilio agenor	Cyrestis thyodamas	Delias hyparete	Celaenorrhinus leucocera	Utania racemosa, 1
Bidens, 7	Graphium doson	Euploea	Orthosiphon , 1	Euplocia
Eurema blanda	Ideopsis similis	Euploea andamanensis	Papilio clytia	Vernonia, 1
Iambrix salsala	Rapala manea	Euploea core	Oxalis, 1	Talicada nyseus
Junonia iphita	Tagiades japetus	Eurema blanda	Polytremis lubricans	Vigna, 1
Parantica aglea	Talicada nyseus	Eurema hecabe	Parthenium, 2	Celaenorrhinus ambareesa
Pseudocoladenia dan	Tirumala limniace	Eurema laeta	Colotis amata	Vitex, 2
Taractrocerini	Tirumala septentrionis	Euthalia aconthea	Pseudozizeeria maha	Delias eucharis
Ypthima baldus	Eupatorium, 10	Gangara thyrsis	Parthenium integrifolium, 1	Graphium doson
Boraginaceae, 1	Appias albina	Graphium agamemnon	Belenois aurota	Waltheria, 1
Junonia almana	Cepora nadina	Graphium doson	Pentas, 6	Junonia hierta
Brassicaceae, 1	Cigaritis elima	Graphium sarpedon	Catopsilia pomona	Wendlandia, 1
Jamides celeno	Delias eucharis	Graphium teredon	Delias eucharis	Tirumala septentrionis
Bridelia, 2	Eurema andersoni	Hasora badra	Graphium agamemnon	Zinnia, 3
Euploea sylvester	Lampides boeticus	Hasora chromus	Hypolimnas bolina	Acraea terpsicore
Tirumala septentrionis	Leptosia nina	Hypolimnas bolina	Ixias pyrene	Delias eucharis
Brunfelsia, 1	Pieris canidia	Hypolimnas misippus	Papilio polytes	Pachliopta aristolochiae
Caprona ransonnettii	Tagiades gana	Ixias marianne	Persicaria, 1	Ziziphus, 13
Calendula, 1	Vindula erota	Ixias pyrene	Heliophorus epicles	Cepora nerissa
Danaus chrysippus	Fabaceae, 7	Junonia almana	Petunia atkinsiana, 1	Delias eucharis
Calenduleae, 1	Borbo cinnara	Junonia atlites	Pseudozizeeria maha	Deudorix epijarbas
Luthrodes pandava	Castalius rosimon	Junonia hierta	Phyla, 1	Graphium doson
Calotropis	Euchrysops cnejus	Junonia iphita	Ampittia dioscorides	Hypolimnas bolina
Hasora badra	Jamides celeno	Junonia lemonias	Plumbago, 2	Hypolimnas misippus
Canavalia, 1	Pelopidas mathias	Junonia orithya	Pareronia hippia	Junonia almana
Hesperiinae	Sarangesa dasahara	Luthrodes pandava	Udaspes folus	Junonia lemonias
Carduoideae, 19	Tirumala septentrionis	Matapa aria	Plumbago auriculata, 1	Rapala iarbus
Argynnis childreni	Galphimia, 1	Nyctemera coleta	Leptotes plinius	Rapala varuna
Argynnis kamala	Phalanta phalantha	Oriens goloides	Pogostemon, 1	Tirumala septentrionis
Aulocera saraswati	Glebionis, 2	Pachliopta aristolochiae	Tirumala septentrionis
Aulocera swaha	Euploea core	Pachliopta hector	Portulaca, 1
Byasa polyeuctes	Tirumala limniace	Pachliopta pandiyana	Eurema blanda
Callerebia scanda	Gomphrena, 2	Papilio buddha	Prosopis, 1
Celaenorrhinus	Chilades lajus	Papilio daksha	Hypolimnas misippus
Celaenorrhinus leucocera	Freyeria putli	Papilio demoleus	Prunus, 1
Colias fieldii	Heliotropium, 5	Papilio memnon	Pieris canidia
Euploea mulciber	Danaus chrysippus	Papilio nephelus	Prunus cerasifera, 1
Gonepteryx amintha	Euploea andamanensis	Papilio polytes	Aglais caschmirensis
Gonepteryx nepalensis	Eurema blanda	Parantica aglea	Pseuderanthemum, 4
Junonia iphita	Tirumala limniace	Parantica melaneus	Graphium agamemnon
Parantica sita	Tirumala septentrionis	Pareronia hippia	Hypolimnas bolina
Pieris brassicae	Hibiscus, 9	Parthenos sylvia	Junonia iphita
Pieris canidia	Gangara thyrsis	Phalanta phalantha	Pachliopta hector
Tirumala septentrionis	Hebomoia glaucippe	Pieris canidia	Raphanus, 1
Vagrans egista	Losaria rhodifer	Suastus gremius	Tirumala limniace
Ypthima	Notocrypta curvifascia	Telicota bambusae

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Posted on December 6, 2023 08:19 AM by

karthik_83

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Massive work !! Tremendous efforts !! Impressive graphical results !!!
👏 👏 👏 🙌
Best wishes for much more to cover.

Posted by dineshvalke 5 months ago

wonderful stuff.
Now I'm going to be awkward. - how to get the lepidoptera weened off the invasives???? (one option is radical - destroy the alien plants) . but what is practical. This endevour has highlighted an issue with alien plants and it has to be addressed, but how?

Posted by hkmoths 5 months ago

@karthik_83 - wow this is gorgeous work, so detailed and so informative. And to think just from 3000 odd observations, . One can only imagine the treasure trove once more data starts to accumulate. The depth on interactions is really cool - so much interconnectedness and so many other layers than can be talked about

Not surprised at Lantana (and other weedy plants).

Lantana , specifically, seems to have a year round flowering season
Possibly more well tuned observers - who are better at observing interactions may be based around urban areas where Lantana may be more prevalent.

Possibly as more data from less urban areas or from more remote areas we may see other things happening.

Some of the graphics are very detailed, unfortunately, I don't seem to be able to zoom in.

**
Once again great work @karthik_83

best wishes
Ram

Posted by ram_k 5 months ago

Additionally - would at some point like to explore the same depth in a more geographically dis aggregated manner

This is an interesring link I just found from Inat Forums

https://nonhoneybees.com/2023/11/27/attenzione-pickpocket/

What a detailed journal! Congratulations on compiling the data so well with the graphics. I especially liked the introduction of differentiating the plant species into native, invasive, and introduced.
The data clearly suggests how much the species depends on the invasive Lantana, which is definitely not a good thing.
Hopefully, there will be a lot more data by the time the third update comes.
Also, just to add, the idea of creating a database about the host plants is an extremely bright and welcome step!
Thanks for taking time to do this; we all appreciate your hard work and dedication! :)

Posted by samarth_jain 5 months ago

Appreciate the work behind all the eye-soothing graphs!
Lantana definitely, though introduced, seems to be quite an popular option amongst the Lepidopterans. Great insight!
Cheers

Posted by dhyeyphylloscopus 5 months ago

Dinesh, thank you for all your help :) @dineshvalke

Roger, we were hoping you'd tell us how to address the whole invasive plant situation! While working with the data, I was reminded of Parthenium. They were a lot more common some years ago, and likely considered invasive then too. They've been managed significantly and are not nearly as common now. We know a lot of work is done towards managing the invasive Lantana as well, particularly in forest fringe areas (management, other uses of Lantana, etc). The urban and semi-urban spaces are a different problem, however. We surely need to do something about it. I'm waiting to hear from others who'd know a lot more about the topic than I do. @hkmoths

Ram, thanks, thanks. There were many other sets of eyes and hands at work to produce all this. The graphics are all pretty high-res, and the network plots are surely high-res. You should be able to open any of the plots as an image (from here and on imgur). For being able to zoom in here, if you're trying that on the phone, then make sure you've enabled the option to allow (force) zooming in on sites that don't allow it natively (on Chrome, that setting should be in accessibility).
Yes, we do plan to look at the data geographically too. It was a bit too complex for this update, but will surely try that angle in the future. It'll be interesting to map where Lantana (and others) are more prevalent, and see the associated links. I'll reach out to you for some inputs.
Thanks for that really cool link. @ram_k

Samarth, thank you. Thanks also for keeping an eye out and adding many observations to the projects. The database will be great, I'm sure. It may be still too early to say that Lepidoptera are dependant on Lantana, I think (also dependant on Lantana is what we could possibly say at this point). There are many biases at play with the data we have (more urban records, for example), and we're hoping some of these will become more obvious with more data. @samarth_jain

Dhyey, thanks. And good to hear that the colours are doing their part! @dhyey13

Posted by karthik_83 5 months ago

Great presentation and work! I see that both Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh have remarkably few observations with nectaring as yet.

Posted by purnendu 5 months ago

Wonderful journal!! Awesome work @karthik_83. With a few months' effort by a dedicated team could bring out these many insights, this will be a great motivation for this project as well as many other projects on iNaturalist.
I will try to contribute to the project, whenever possible.

Regards,
Haneesh

Posted by haneesh 5 months ago

Great work ! I'm sure this database will yield many new insights. Another way to visualize these plant-butterfly interactions would be to make what's called a "bipartite graph". That's a graph where there are two kinds of nodes (plants & butterflies) and the links are only between the 2 types. Looks like there are javascript libraries that would be useful . ( I haven't tried these)
Example --> https://observablehq.com/@ilyabo/weighted-bipartite-graph-colored-by-source

Posted by tragopan 5 months ago

Purnendu, thank you. You're right, and our near-term goal is to increase observations to the projects from that region. In general, we need to focus on adding loads of observations from everywhere, we need more diversity in the sample. @purnendu

Haneesh, many thanks. Please continue to pitch in as you've done. :) @haneesh

Satya, thanks and that graph does look cool. I don't fully understand it yet, but I'll play around with it, and let's talk about how to make sense/use of them. @tragopan

wonderful, congratulations to the entire team. Will take sometime to read and digest it fully :)

Posted by sagarika_chen 5 months ago

Thank you @karthik_83
As a birder, I feel honoured that some clicks of some 'others' could be used for such a huge and significant project. Congratulations!

Posted by sunandav 5 months ago

@karthik_83 - action and education.

Need to get irrefutable package put together r.e. lantana being invasive and push the hard sell to anyone with the wherewithall to take action to (a) eliminate the invasives (this is of course a really difficult and big task given just how difficult it is to get rid of lantana camara) and (b) replace the land regained by planting native nectar sources and native larval hosts. Project this big need coordination of ngos, local, regional and national govt bodies and big industry / commercial support too, as well as local buy in. This is where the education side comes in, and is what has been started here.
Any proposal for action will have to include suitable text as to how this project encompasses vision of the Convention on Biological Diversity 1992, and take the key points / targets that are covered (used to be under the Aichi 2020 Targets, and will have to word according to whatever these targets have been updated to . . see IUCN website at https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-ssc-post-2020-biodiversity-targets-task-force for a start point)

@hkmoths Agreed, fully. Thank you for that link; reading up.

Sagarika, thanks. Let us know what you think once you've processed it. @sagarika_chen

Sunanda, every bit counts :) These kinds of "interactions" also show us how we can't look at life around from any one perspective alone. We look forward to more of your insect and plant observations! @sunandav

Congratulations @Karthik and Great work!

Posted by hopeland 5 months ago

Lovely project report and a great way to learn about plants. Of course the butterfly counts dominate, as expected. One way to increase the representation of moths in the datasets might be for people with home gardens to maybe try, say for half an hour a week, to monitor one chosen flowering plant in their garden at dusk (for this is a time moths fly around a lot). Focusing on the same plant for a couple of weeks or a month could yield useful data and pretty photos too!

Posted by po-po-pro 5 months ago

Wow @karthik_83 and team , that's nearly as colourful as the butterflies/ moths :) Thanks for the wonderful analysis and presentation . A lot to process and learn . Agree that there potentially biases inherently built in . Some butterfly/ moth plant interactions are more readily photographed than others ( being more mobile phone friendly in my case).
Cultivated vs wild plants , Garden vs uncultivated natural spaces- capturing this can give more insights too perhaps, as you have pointed out.
Not to forget the influence of host plants / biodiversity in the neighbourhood ?( Not sure if/ how the availability of host plants nearby influence the nectaring behaviour!).
Thanks again, look forward to understanding all this better!

Posted by veenas 5 months ago

Hopeland, thanks, thanks. @hopeland

That's a good idea, @po-po-pro A good way to start, for sure.

Veena, the colours are all thanks to po-po-pro! I'd have probably gone with boring Office colours, thankfully there are others who think more colourful! What you said in the end about nectar plants potentially being influenced by the occurrence of host plants is interesting. I don't know how we'd be able capture that information given how 'wide' most location tags are for observations here. Let's keep that in mind, though. @veenas

Thanks @po-po-pro too! @karthik_83, agree it may be difficult to study butterfly - host plant occurances along with nectaring behaviour without dedicated projects for a habitat / area.

Commendable work. Beautiful analysis of data.

It will be interesting to know whether a particular butterfly interact with a same plant in different geographical locations of India.

Regards,
Sumit

Posted by sumit_joshi 5 months ago

Thanks, Sumit. That comparison is something we should able to do easily, and will keep that on the list for the next update. Let's see what the data says. @sumit_joshi

Second Project Update, 25 Nov 2023

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